Prenatal vitamins. The best vitamins for pregnant women: from planning to feeding At what stage of pregnancy should you start taking vitamins?

Vitamins are biologically active compounds that have a diverse structure. They are coenzymes of biochemical reactions occurring in the body. During pregnancy, the need for vitamins increases due to the growth and development of the fetus and increased stress on many systems of the mother. But whether it is necessary to take vitamins during pregnancy remains controversial to this day.

Beneficial features

Research shows that most women become pregnant due to a deficiency of many vitamins and microelements. This deficiency has to be replenished during gestation. At this time, the need for group B, C, and folic acid increases significantly. At the same time, the need for microelements increases.

The shortage may not be felt, but it will affect the developing child. It has been proven that a lack of folic acid in the early stages leads to the development of neural tube defects. Therefore, even before conception, doctors recommend including vitamin complexes containing folic acid, as well as tocopherol. It improves egg maturation and promotes fertilization.

The expectant mother must prepare the body for pregnancy and create reserves of biologically active substances. This will improve the functioning of various enzyme systems and metabolism. The level of hemoglobin is associated with a sufficient amount of vitamins B₆ and B₁₂. With a deficiency, aplastic anemia develops, which will complicate the course of pregnancy.

1st trimester

Doctors recommend taking vitamins during the trimesters of pregnancy. The 1st trimester is associated with the formation of all organs and the beginning of the formation of the nervous system. The continued viability of the fetus and the preservation of pregnancy depend on how correctly this process proceeds.

It must be remembered that the development of the embryo does not depend solely on the content of vitamins in the diet, and in the presence of genetic abnormalities or chromosomal rearrangements, the situation cannot be corrected by increasing the active substances in the diet.

Vitamins are prescribed by the gynecologist depending on the trimester and individual characteristics, taking into account risk factors. The main drugs in the initial period are:

• folic acid – B₉;
• tocopherol acetate – E;
• retinol – A;

Is it necessary to take vitamins in the 1st trimester of pregnancy if a woman eats well? The need for them during pregnancy increases several times, so it is impossible to cover it with food alone.

Folic acid

Contained in any vegetables with a natural green color when ripe, as well as leafy greens (parsley, spinach, dill). It has even been found in animal products, which is why folate is now said to be ubiquitous. But its peculiarity is its tendency to decay quickly. If lettuce or cabbage is just picked from the garden, then we can talk about good saturation with useful substances. But in vegetables that are stored in the refrigerator or at room temperature, the breakdown of folates accelerates; after just a few hours, their content is reduced by half. When heated to 60 degrees, after a few minutes only traces of folic acid remain.

Folacin is necessary for the division of all cells of the body, both in the expectant mother and in the developing fetus. It is involved in the process of DNA replication (doubling), which occurs during cell division. Red bone marrow, as the most actively dividing structure, suffers most from a lack of folate. For a woman, this is manifested by the development of megaloblastic anemia.

But a state of severe deficiency and severe consequences of B₉ deficiency are rarely observed. Normal intestinal microflora is involved in the synthesis of this substance, as well as several others. With dysbiosis, when the content of beneficial bacteria in the intestines is disrupted, the amount of folate in the body may decrease, which, together with insufficient intake from food, will lead to the development of anemia. It cannot be cured with iron supplements alone.

The dose of folic acid for those planning a pregnancy is 400-800 mcg. But doctors recommend sticking to the maximum dosage: this will saturate the body before conception. If conception is successful, the dosage is not reduced. Those who have not had children with neural tube pathology or spontaneous early miscarriages in previous pregnancies are allowed to take 800-1000 mcg per day. For women with a history of the listed pathologies, the dose is increased several times.

You can read more about why you need to take folic acid when planning a pregnancy, as well as about prescribed medications and options for taking them.

Pregnant women with diagnosed epilepsy who must take anticonvulsants should take an increased dose of folate. Carbamazepine and valproic acid significantly reduce the amount of B₉ in the body.

Folic acid is safe. It is water-soluble, and if there is excess in the body, it is easily excreted by the kidneys. No signs of overdose were reported.

Tocopherol

The second most important substance for pregnant women is tocopherol (E). This is a fat-soluble compound whose name translates as “progeny-bearing.” Its function in the body is:

• protecting cell membranes from the damaging effects of oxygen;
• preservation of vitamins A and C in unoxidized form;
• inclusion of selenium in coenzymes;
• immune protection;
• reducing the need of cells for oxygen and protection from hypoxia;
• protein synthesis and tissue regeneration;
• stimulation of hormone production.

Tocopherol deficiency affects appearance and the condition of the skin, nails and hair. They become dull, lifeless, hair splits, and nails break easily. Therefore, if you have dry skin, it is necessary to additionally include tocopherol in your diet.

During the gestational period, additional amounts of tocopherol are needed. It has the following effect:

• improves hormonal levels;
• promotes egg maturation;
• reduces risk;
• increases the chance of conception;
• eliminates symptoms;
• promotes the formation of the placenta;
• reduces risk.

The dosage of vitamin E in capsules is 100-200 mg per day. It is recommended that two spouses start taking it at the planning stage, 2 months before conception. The woman continues to take tocopherol after confirmation of pregnancy for 2-3 months.

Tocopherol (vitamin E) is the second most important vitamin (after folic acid) for pregnant women.

Tocopherol acetate is a fat-soluble substance. Therefore, there is a danger of its accumulation. But the toxic effect occurs when it is exceeded daily norm 10-20 times. There may be a cumulative effect if the dosage is exceeded for a long time. Then the medicine is discontinued and Vikasol is prescribed to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Retinol

Vitamin A (retinol) is involved in many metabolic processes:

• enzyme synthesis;
• muscle tissue formation;
• synthesis of sex hormones;
• maintaining immunity due to the metabolism of interferons, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A;
• activation of receptors for calcitriol (vitamin D₃);
• production of retinal rhodopsin for twilight vision.

Experiments have shown that the most complete exclusion of retinol from the diet of animals of both sexes leads to the development of infertility. It is also needed for the normal development of the unborn child. But the need for vitamin A in women before and during pregnancy is not much different. In the 1st trimester, a sufficient amount comes from food. Large doses of retinoids are toxic to the fetus and can cause the development of heart defects and nervous system defects. Only in the second half of gestation and lactation does the need increase.

2nd trimester

After the formation of all organs of the fetus and placenta, the need for active substances changes. The 2nd trimester is a time of active child growth and skeletal development. Therefore, the need for calcium and substances involved in its metabolism increases.

After 20 weeks, it is recommended to take additional retinol. It is responsible for activating calciferol receptors, so a lack of the first will affect its action. Doctors prescribe 1-2 tablets of retinol, which corresponds to 3300-6600 IU.

Lack of vitamin D during pregnancy is manifested by impaired absorption of calcium. If this microelement is not supplied through food, the body begins to remove it from its own structures in order to provide for the growing fetus. Therefore, a pregnant woman may experience:

• aching bones;
• joint pain;
• muscle cramps.

Calcium deficiency will also affect after pregnancy. For some, even during the gestation period, their teeth begin to actively deteriorate and crumble, and caries appears. Hair and nails also suffer from calcium deficiency.

It should be remembered that calcium is a component of the blood coagulation system; without it, complete clot formation is impossible. Therefore, a deficiency can lead to increased bleeding, which is especially dangerous during gestation.

A child with intrauterine D₃ deficiency may be predisposed to the development of rickets.

But not all pregnant women have obvious signs of calciferol deficiency. They are successfully synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. In some cases, this process may be disrupted:

• among dark-skinned people who lived for a long time in equatorial zones, but now live in temperate climates;
• with a strict vegetarian diet;
• in those who rarely see the sun or from regions located beyond the Arctic Circle.

Rules for taking vitamin D for pregnant women - 400-600 IU, or 10-15 mcg, is enough to cover the daily requirement.

3rd trimester

By the end of gestation, an increased need for A, E, D remains. Ascorbic acid is also recommended in the 3rd trimester. It is part of a complex of antioxidants that protect cells from the action of various endogenous oxidants. Vitamin C has the following effects:

• strengthens the walls of blood vessels, reduces their fragility;
• reduces bleeding;
• strengthens the immune system;
• promotes iron absorption.

For pregnant women who have to bear a child during a seasonal increase in the incidence of respiratory infections, it would not be amiss to include ascorbic acid in the diet. It is not possible to completely cover the body's expenses with food. Ascorbic acid, like folates, does not withstand exposure to air and heat; it begins to disintegrate at temperatures above 60 degrees, and after boiling it is completely absent.

Iron deficiency anemia may be caused by a violation of the supply of ferrum to the body. Its absorption is accelerated by simultaneous intake of ascorbic acid and inhibited by the presence of calcium. Therefore, in some complex vitamin preparations, these substances are combined depending on competition for absorption.

For pregnant women, regardless of trimester, vitamin B₁₂ (cyanocobolamine) is important. It is beneficial for the body with the following properties:

• participation in the synthesis of DNA and RNA cells;
• fatty acid metabolism;
• protein synthesis;
• red blood cell formation;
• melatonin synthesis and regulation of sleep cycles;
• maintaining the health of the reproductive system.

In pregnant women, a lack of cyanocobalamin leads to the development of diarrhea, which cannot be treated with iron supplements, sleep problems, nervousness, and memory impairment. The need increases in the following cases:

• vegetarian diet;
• diabetes;
• alcohol consumption;
• The age of the expectant mother is over 45 years.

The requirement during gestation and breastfeeding is the same and is 3.5 mg per day.

Vitamin B₆ is also often prescribed to pregnant women, but in combination with magnesium. These substances enhance each other's effects. They begin to be used in the 2-3 trimester to prevent pathology of the placenta, and also if there is a threat, magnesium in combination with B₆ reduces the tone of the uterus and helps prolong gestation.

Ways to fill the deficit

The doctor decides which vitamins are best to take during pregnancy, focusing on the individual characteristics of the woman. If the expectant mother has no complications, she has been identified with minimal or no risk in the development of fetal pathologies, then prophylactic doses of drugs are necessary. In case of detection of abnormalities, severe condition of the fetus, risk of premature birth and various diseases, increased doses of drugs may be required.

The regimen for taking vitamins during pregnancy may change. It should be remembered that you cannot combine B₆ and B₁₂, they enhance the allergenic effect of each other and can lead to the appearance of urticaria. A, E, C are complementary and have an antioxidant effect. Therefore, they are often used as a single drug.

Nutrition

Most doctors insist on the need for vitamin complexes, despite a balanced diet. The explanation for this is as follows:

1. The amount of nutrients in food cannot cover the daily needs of even a non-pregnant woman. Not only the content of active substances matters, but also their absorption, which may be limited due to metabolic characteristics or certain diseases.
2. IN winter time in vegetables and fruits, the amount of useful components is at a minimum level: folates and ascorbic acid have already oxidized by this point.
3. Processing products before consumption leads to a significant loss of their beneficial properties.

There are also conditions that reduce the intake of nutrients from food or speed up their metabolism:

• gastritis;
• duodenitis;
• diabetes;
• acute or chronic infections;
• liver pathologies;
• colitis.

The use of vitamin complexes does not cancel proper nutrition. Food contains essential peptides, fatty acids, carbohydrates, without which life and development are impossible, as well as ballast substances necessary for normal digestion.

Medications

With the help of pharmaceutical preparations, you can achieve the required concentration of vitamins in the diet and cover the daily requirement. Some doubt the necessity and effectiveness of synthetic drugs, but data from various studies indicate that without them it is impossible to provide a pregnant woman with the necessary substances.

There are many different brands available in pharmacies, some of which are designed for the feeding period. They differ from each other in composition and dosage.

Elevit

One of the popular complexes for pregnant women is Elevit. Its feature is a sufficient amount of folic acid: a woman does not need to take it as a separate drug. “Elevit” will also be useful in case of premature birth; it contains an increased amount of magnesium. Useful property is also a high iron content, which is equivalent to a preventive dosage. But the complex does not contain iodine, which is necessary for the formation of the nervous system and thyroid gland of the fetus. Therefore, those to whom the doctor prescribed Elevit will have to take additional iodine from 22 weeks.

Alphabet

Separately, we can highlight the Alphabet vitamins. Their peculiarity is the division of active substances into different doses. For example, iron is supported by the action of ascorbic acid, magnesium - B₆, calcium - D₃, B₆ and B₁₂ are not taken in one tablet, which reduces the risk of developing allergies. The convenience is that if you are intolerant to a certain substance in the tablet, you can refuse to take it. But taking “Alphabet” is recommended for practically healthy women, without pregnancy complications or obstetric-gynecological history. The dosages in it are at the minimum for pregnant women.

Vitrum Prenatal Forte

The drug contains all the necessary microelements and vitamins, iodine is no exception. Its content is close to the daily requirement and no additional intake is required. The amount of folic acid is optimal for early gestation, and retinol is contained in a dose that is non-toxic to the fetus. The dosage of tocopherol has been increased. This combination of useful substances allows us to recommend this drug as a preconception preparation.

Pregnavite

The complex contains all the necessary substances in sufficient quantities, but the microelements contain only calcium and a small amount of iron. On the one hand, this can be considered a disadvantage, but on the other hand, if it is necessary to introduce iron into the diet, add iodine, magnesium, dosage adjustment will not be required taking into account the medications taken.

Materna

Contains a complete list of necessary substances, a sufficient amount of iodine. This drug should only be used after consulting a doctor. It contains increased content of retinol, tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. This is an antioxidant complex that will be useful for women with various chronic diseases. But at the same time, the risk of an allergic reaction increases.

Pregnancy vitamins are now prescribed to all women expecting a baby. Which brand of vitamins should you choose and what effect can they have? Let's talk about this in more detail. Expecting a baby is an exciting and very pleasant period in a woman’s life. And, of course, I want the expectant mother and the baby in her tummy to feel great.

The body of a pregnant woman is a real factory that works tirelessly around the clock during the entire period of waiting for the baby to be born. And, of course, this mechanism often needs outside support. Support in the form of vitamins that help a woman’s body do its job more easily and stay in shape.

In addition, vitamins for pregnant women are not only support for the future, starting with the mother, but also a foundation for the future, for the postpartum period, because many vitamins have a cumulative effect and beneficial substances remain in the body for a long time.

Of course, the correct vitamins prescribed by the doctor observing the pregnancy also support the growth and development of the baby in the womb. Growing from a small cell into a person is a fantastically complex matter, requiring the ideal and coordinated work of all systems involved in it. Including the timely supply of substances necessary for growth and development at different stages.

As a rule, upon arriving at antenatal clinic To register, the expectant mother receives the first recommendation: adherence to a diet that includes a large amount of vitamins and minerals. Of course, you can collect the entire necessary set of useful and necessary substances by strictly observing this regimen. Find natural products, check the composition of all ingredients in food, and so on.

Nowadays, this is quite difficult to do: environmental problems, various chemical food additives, dyes, flavor enhancers, GMOs included in products require complex calculations that allow you to buy and prepare exactly those products that will provide the necessary composition of vitamins and minerals for mother and mother. They make the task more difficult for the baby.

Additionally, nutrient requirements vary from trimester to trimester. In our country, many expectant mothers continue to work until the last months of pregnancy, and they simply do not have time to find the right products and prepare them.

And the option of simply eating more is not an option at all, because this is a direct path to excess weight, which is fraught with complications during pregnancy. It is for these reasons that obstetricians-gynecologists in the vast majority of cases prescribe special vitamins to pregnant women.

In addition, you simply need to supplement with vitamins if you have or have previously had diseases associated with a lack of vitamins and minerals. For example, this is anemia. It is necessary to take vitamins if previous pregnancies ended in miscarriage or abnormalities in the development of the child.

It is strictly not recommended for pregnant women to take vitamins without consulting a doctor! There may be contraindications!

Why may taking vitamins be contraindicated and how to determine this?

Of course, all vitamins that are sold in pharmacies are synthetic substances similar to natural ones. Therefore, if you have the opportunity to completely immerse yourself in the pregnancy process, scrupulously calculate and verify the composition and quantity of foods consumed, take care of your body and the baby growing inside, giving him all the best, healthy and correct, then taking vitamins is not necessary for you and it can be cancelled.

Regular consultations with a doctor, checking blood tests and monitoring the baby’s development will show that with a properly balanced diet, everything goes according to plan, even without vitamins.

By the way, it is very important to correlate the prescription and intake of vitamins with the time of year during which pregnancy develops. For example, if the beginning of your pregnancy occurs in the summer and autumn periods, then ensuring that your body receives natural vitamins is much easier than in winter and spring.

But there are also cases when taking vitamins is contraindicated. First of all, these are allergic reactions or intolerance to certain substances that are part of the vitamin complex. In this case, it is better to get nutrients not from tablets, but from food. Here you will have to worry about finding the right, necessary and safe ones.

The need to take vitamins should also be discussed with your doctor in cases where your diet in everyday life has special features, for example, if you are a vegetarian or have diabetes.

Vitamins "Elevit Pronatal" are a combination of minerals and vitamins that are necessary to replenish the female body's need for nutrients and prevent vitamin deficiency at the stage of pregnancy planning, during pregnancy, after childbirth and during pregnancy. breastfeeding.

Vitamins for pregnant women "Elevit Pronatal" contain 12 important elements:

• Vitamin A
• Vitamin B1
• Vitamin B2
• Vitamin B6
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin B9
• Biotin
• Nicotinomide.

In addition to these substances, Elevit Pronatal contains calcium, zinc and phosphorus.

"Elevit Pronatal" is taken one tablet once a day, 15 minutes after a meal, with a sufficient amount of water.

The course of treatment or prevention depends on the condition of the pregnant woman’s body and is prescribed strictly individually by the doctor.
Taking Elevit Pronatal is usually well tolerated. In exceptional cases, gastrointestinal disorders (constipation) occur. Allergic reactions to any of the components of the drug are also possible.

Taking Elevit Pronatal is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to any component of the drug. In the presence of hypervitaminosis of vitamin A and/or vitamin D, impaired liver and kidney function. The drug is also contraindicated if calcium or iron utilization is impaired.

The manufacturer claims that preventive use of “Alphabet Mom’s Health” 2-3 months before pregnancy helps prepare the body for its onset. Particularly important substances are included in the complex in increased quantities. These vitamins are recommended by the Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for use throughout the entire period of pregnancy and lactation.

Contains 13 vitamins, 11 minerals and taurine, namely:

• Tablet number 1 (orange):
  Vitamins C, B1, beta-carotene, folic acid, iron, copper, taurine
• Tablet number 2 (yellow):
  nicotinamide, vitamins E, B6, B2, C, beta-carotene, minerals magnesium, zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, molybdenum
• Tablet number 3 (cream):
  calcium panthetonate, folic acid, vitamins B12, D3, K1, biotin, minerals calcium, phosphorus, chromium.

Directions for use: pregnant and lactating women take one tablet of each type (No. 1, No. 2, No. 3) per day with meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner, in any order).

Note: the interval between doses is 4 to 6 hours. If the recommended dosing schedule has been violated, it is permissible to resume taking any tablet.

Contraindications: individual intolerance to individual components, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.

“Pregnavit” are opaque, oblong-shaped, red capsules containing a beige pasty mass. Manufacturer: RATIOPHARM.

This is the only drug that, according to manufacturers, has no known side effects.

One capsule contains:

• Retinol palmitate (Vit. A) 3000 IU
• Cholecalciferol (vit. D3) 200 ME
• α-tocopherol acetate (Vit.E) 0.01 g
• Thiamine mononitrate (vit. B1) 1.50 mg
• Riboflavin (Vit.B2) 2.50 mg
• Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vit. B6) 5.00 mg
• Cyanocobalamin (Vit. B12) 5 mcg
• Nicotinamide 15.00 mg
• Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) 75.00 mg
• Calcium pantothenate 10.00 mg
• Calcium lactate 6.51 mg
• Folic acid 0.75 mg
• Ferrous fumarate 30.00 mg
• Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous 250.00 mg

"Pregnavit" is a combined multivitamin preparation containing minerals. The composition is designed to maximally compensate for the deficiency of these compounds in the body, in particular, when the need for them increases during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as during convalescence after long-term and/or severe diseases, including infectious ones.

Multi-tabs Prenatal are tablets yellow color, oval-shaped, covered with a shell. Manufacturer: Ferrosan A/S, Denmark.

The vitamin-mineral complex includes the following substances: tocopherol, retinol, pantothenic acid, thiamine, cholecalciferol, riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, cyanocobalamin, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, chromium, iron, zinc, magnesium, copper, selenium, manganese , iodine.

The composition also includes excipients: sucrose, gelatin, starch, sodium aluminum silicate, triglycerides, butylated hydroxytoluene, hypromellose, corn starch, maltodextrin, lemon acid, sodium citrate, water.

It should be taken orally, without chewing, with a small amount of liquid. Dose – 1 tablet/day during or after meals.

During pregnancy, significant changes occur in a woman's body - metabolism changes greatly, hormonal levels fluctuate, and the composition of the blood changes. A growing fetus receives nutrients from the mother’s body, so a woman’s need for vitamins and microelements increases by one and a half to two times. Recently, the issue of vitamin deficiency in expectant mothers has become quite acute, so doctors are making every effort to ensure that preparation for pregnancy and taking the necessary medications begin at the planning stage.

Vitamin deficiency and consequences

Vitamins are needed not only for the proper development of the fetus, but also to maintain the health of the mother. Thus, a deficiency of any substance can lead to health problems in both the child and the pregnant woman. In the human body, vitamins play the role of enzymes, accelerating biochemical reactions. In addition, they take part in humoral regulation, performing the functions of certain hormones. Despite popular belief, vitamins do not serve as a source of energy and are not structural components of tissues. These compounds are important only for ensuring proper metabolism, on which the work of all depends. internal organs and systems.

Pregnant women have been found to be deficient in at least three vitamins. This can lead to improper formation of internal organs in the fetus or health problems in the mother due to excessive withdrawal of substances from her body. The most common deficiencies are B vitamins, carotenoids and ascorbic acid.

Vitamins enter the human body with food, but it is believed that food cannot fully provide the required daily requirement. This is especially true for women during pregnancy. This leads to the need to take additional vitamins, particularly in the form of medications.

Particularly dangerous during pregnancy are conditions in which there is a deficiency of vitamin D, B6, and folic acid, as they can lead to irreversible consequences in the formation of the nervous system or bone skeleton of the child.

Vitamin deficiency in the first trimester is dangerous due to disturbances in the formation of the nervous system, as well as the development of fetal defects and even intrauterine death. It is during this period that the formation of all organs and tissues occurs, as well as important cell differentiation. In the second and third trimester, vitamin deficiency is less dangerous, but can lead to problems in the cardiovascular, endocrine or digestive systems.

The role of vitamins in fetal formation

• Pyridoxine (B6). Together with other vitamins that belong to group B, pyridoxine takes part in the conduction of nerve impulses. This vitamin is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system and the harmonious development of the child’s brain. In addition, amino acids are produced from pyridoxine and proteins are synthesized - the main structural component of the human body.
• Folic acid (B9). Necessary for cell renewal processes, as well as for the proper formation of the fetal nervous system. With a lack of folic acid, neural tube defects, pathologies of placental tissue can occur, and the likelihood of premature termination of pregnancy also increases.
• Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). Necessary for the proper development of a fertilized egg. Vitamin deficiency can lead to miscarriage. Cyanocobalamin is also a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions, in particular the oxidation of proteins and fats, as well as the synthesis of amino acids.
• Vitamin E (tocopherol). One of the most important vitamins for the fetus, the pregnant woman, as well as the ordinary person. Participates in the processes of tissue respiration, protects tissues from free radicals, strengthens the placenta. Necessary to prevent miscarriage and normal development of the fertilized egg. Prescribed to all women during pregnancy planning, as well as in the first trimester. Vitamin E deficiency can also lead to vision problems and hemolytic anemia. It is not recommended to exceed the dosage of this vitamin.
• Vitamin A (retinol) provides antioxidant protection and is a structural component of cell membranes. Its deficiency leads to abnormal development of the fetus, as well as problems with the baby’s vision after birth.
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Necessary for the synthesis of collagen fibers, which are part of the structure of bones, cartilage and blood vessels. Vitamin C is known for its immunostimulating properties, as well as its ability to neutralize toxins. Vitamin deficiency increases the risk of infection viral infections and negative consequences for the baby.

The role of vitamins for a pregnant woman

• Pyridoxine. The vitamin is involved in the processes of hematopoiesis and ensures the proper functioning of the nervous system. Its deficiency leads to anemia, convulsive syndrome, the development of early toxicosis, irritability, and insomnia.
• Folic acid. Necessary for stable functioning of the nervous system. If there is a deficiency, a woman may experience loss of appetite, increased fatigue and irritability.
• Vitamin B 12. Participates in the processes of hematopoiesis and various biochemical reactions. Lack of vitamin leads to the development of special types of anemia, which negatively affect the condition of the bone marrow and nervous system.
• Vitamin E. Takes part in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, acts as an antioxidant. With a deficiency, muscle pain, weakness, and spontaneous abortion are possible.
• Vitamin A. It is recommended to take the vitamin's precursor, beta-carotene, to minimize the likelihood of overdose. Vitamin A itself takes part in many biochemical processes in the body, and with its deficiency, vision problems develop, immune defense decreases, and the condition of the epithelium worsens.
• Vitamin C. Reduces vascular fragility, prevents varicose veins veins, which often occurs in pregnant women. Improves resistance to infections, accelerates tissue repair due to participation in collagen synthesis. With a lack of ascorbic acid, bruising, stretch marks, and frequent colds occur.

To prevent deficiency of most of the most important vitamins, it is recommended to take complex vitamin preparations during pregnancy. They adjusted not only the qualitative, but also the quantitative composition, taking into account the special position of women.

Vitamin-rich foods

You can maintain the health of a pregnant woman and the harmonious intrauterine development of the fetus with the help of proper nutrition. It should be varied and include the main food groups (meat, cereals, vegetables, dairy, etc.) so that the woman receives all the necessary vitamins and microelements. Foods that are sources of vitamins are listed in the table below:

Vitamins according to pregnancy

The need for different vitamins varies depending on the duration of pregnancy and the processes that occur in the body.

In the first trimester, the main emphasis should be on the consumption of folic acid, vitamin E and ascorbic acid. During this period, the formation of the nervous system and the formation of internal organs occur, and the woman’s immunity decreases due to hormonal changes. These vitamins will ensure the full development of the embryo and prevent pathologies of the brain, vision and hearing. It is recommended to supplement vitamins during this period with microelements - iodine and zinc.

In the second trimester, there is a greater need for substances that will give the mother energy and the baby structural material for growth. It is recommended to take vitamins A, C, E, as well as vitamin D. Additionally, the need for vital microelements - iron, zinc, iodine - increases.

Updated: 12/05/2019

A properly selected complex of vitamins for pregnant women is the key to good health, full development of the baby and a successful birth. Unfortunately, the composition of food products today leaves much to be desired.

And even if the expectant mother monitors her diet, includes fresh vegetables and fruits, fermented milk products and grains in the menu, it will still be difficult to get enough for two - and now there are two of you - the amount of necessary substances.

You cannot do without additional supplementation with good vitamins for pregnant women. But which ones are better to take, what doctors recommend in the first trimester, and what vitamins to take during pregnancy? later? The range of such supplements in pharmacies is extensive, so it’s worth understanding their features and differences, studying the ratings and choosing the best option.

A lack of vitamins, as well as their excess, leads to various health complications in the mother and developmental pathologies in the fetus. Therefore, it is important to know exactly when, to whom and what vitamins to take - then the supplements will benefit both the expectant mother and the baby, and will not harm.

Vitamins to take in the first trimester of pregnancy

Which prenatal vitamins to choose depends directly on your gestational age. At different stages of bearing a child, the needs of the female body for certain substances are not the same. The 1st trimester is extremely important; during this period, the baby’s main organs are formed, the embryo’s spine and nerve cells are formed.

In order for this process to go smoothly, gynecologists and obstetricians recommend starting to take multivitamins even before conceiving a child - of course, if the pregnancy is planned. But immediately after conception, as soon as it is confirmed, it is not too late to start taking multivitamins for pregnant women.

pros

• They contain folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, and should be supplied in a volume of at least 0.4 mg per day. It is advisable to start taking it several months before the expected conception and continue taking it throughout the 1st trimester. Folic acid protects against miscarriages in the first weeks and the remaining pregnancy, is involved in the formation of the placenta, is responsible for the transfer of correct genetic information, and prevents the development iron deficiency anemia, stimulates intensive cell division and plays a leading role in the formation of the fetal neural tube. The dosage and duration of taking B9 is determined by the doctor depending on the condition of the pregnant woman and the fetus.
• The presence of vitamin E, also known as tocopheron, is necessary for the successful creation of the placenta and the prevention of miscarriage in the first weeks after conception. It is also better to start taking it even before fertilization, as it affects the production of sex hormones and promotes successful conception.
• The presence of vitamin A. It is drunk in the first and last trimester; in the second, these vitamins are not needed additionally for pregnant women, provided there are no pathologies. The maximum daily dose of this substance is 2500 IU. If the dosage is exceeded, the baby may develop heart defects while still in the womb. But vitamin A deficiency also leads to problems with vision, bones, nervous system. Therefore, you need to carefully monitor the use of this substance.

Minuses

• Some vitamin complexes are quite expensive.
• With long-term use, certain elements can be addictive.
• Not all women believe that they need to take any supplements at all during pregnancy.
• Not all complexes can be taken throughout pregnancy.

Even with a balanced and nutritious diet, a pregnant woman receives only half of the daily dose of necessary substances from foods - but even this amount is not completely absorbed. Therefore, in the first trimester of pregnancy, it is recommended to additionally take such multivitamins for pregnant women.

Rating of vitamin preparations for the first trimester

Vitamin and mineral complex for those planning pregnancy, pregnant and lactating women.

• Designed specifically for Russian women, taking into account their nutritional characteristics, water quality, climate and lifestyle.
• High content of folic acid (1 mg).
• Increased content of calcium (250 mg) and zinc (25 mg).
• Unique composition of microelements: iodine, selenium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, copper.
• Without vitamin A in the composition, to reduce the risk of hypervitaminosis
• European quality of components and safe composition
• For pregnancy planning, all stages of pregnancy and breastfeeding

• There are contraindications
• Not sold in all regions yet

Tocopherocaps

This is pure vitamin E without any additives, it is indicated for a lack of this substance, as well as for multiple pregnancies. You can continue to take it while breastfeeding your baby.

The drug is available and is included in the list of free vitamins for Russian women expecting a child.

• Available in different forms - capsules, chewable lozenges, injection solution.
• Well tolerated by pregnant women, lactating women and newborns.
• Effectively solves problems with vitamin E deficiency.

• May cause allergic reactions.
• As a mono-drug it does not compensate for the deficiency of other elements.

An affordable, domestically produced drug without any additives, it contains only vitamin B9. A few tablets a day will be enough to completely replenish the pregnant woman’s need for this element, which is necessary for the production of essential amino acids, purines, enzymes, as well as nerve cells, from which the spinal cord and brain of the fetus will then be formed.

• Low price - from 40 rubles for 60 capsules.
• Prevents the development of anemia.
• Reduces the manifestations of toxicosis.
• Helps get rid of the remnants of contraceptives in the body.

• Often provokes allergic reactions - itching, skin rash, swelling.
• With prolonged use in large dosages, addiction to the drug develops, that is, its effectiveness decreases.

These vitamins during pregnancy prevent deficiency of essential elements, in particular iodine, phosphorus and iron. They contain nine vitamins, including B9, tocopherol and ascorbic acid.

• One tablet covers the daily dose of essential substances.
• Folic acid is presented in the form of metafolin, a substance that is successfully absorbed in digestive tract even in those patients who suffer from malabsorption.

• High cost - from 450 rubles for 30 capsules.
• It is effective only in the first trimester, so you should select other vitamin supplements; your doctor will tell you which is best.

According to most women and doctors, these are the best vitamins during pregnancy. One capsule contains 10 main vitamins and 3 microelements, which completely covers the daily dose of essential elements.

At the same time, the price is quite reasonable - from 350 rubles for 30 tablets.

• Versatility - can be taken before conception, from the first days of pregnancy until childbirth.
• An optimally balanced complex that does not cause unwanted side effects.
• Efficiency – you don’t have to worry about the development of vitamin deficiency and anemia.

• If a severe deficiency of a particular element occurs, other supplements may be necessary.

Not the cheapest product - a bottle containing 100 capsules will cost at least 1,350 rubles. But the costs are completely worth it.

There is everything a woman and baby needs here, from the first days of pregnancy to childbirth, and even during breastfeeding. Vitamin deficiency, anemia, pathologies and defects in the baby and metabolic disorders in the mother - all this will not bother you if you regularly take Elevit according to the instructions.

• Does not contain iodine.
• High price.
• Not recommended for urolithiasis and an excess of calcium salts in urine, as it contains high concentrations of calcium and phosphorus.

Vitamin preparations for the second trimester

The most necessary microelements now are iodine, calcium and iron. Iodine, in the absence of dysfunction of the thyroid gland, will require at least 250 mg per day - this is necessary for the mental development of the unborn child and the proper formation of the skeleton.

Calcium for the formation of bones and the formation of organs of the endocrine system will require 1500 mg per day, but no more. Excess of this trace element will accumulate in the placenta and urine, and this is not a very good symptom. Iron needs from 30 to 60 mg, and if a woman suffered from anemia before conceiving a child, then up to 100 mg per day.

Iron deficiency leads to insufficient oxygen supply along with blood to the placenta, which means intrauterine fetal hypoxia. The tone of the uterus may increase.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, if a woman does not receive the necessary microelements in the required amount, the child will still take as much as he needs from the mother’s body reserves. But the pregnant woman herself will suffer from metabolic disorders and vitamin deficiencies.

This can lead to significant weight gain, late toxicosis, pathologies of the kidneys, liver and pancreas. Therefore, it is better to take vitamin complexes.

pros

• Provide the body of the mother and unborn child with iodine, calcium and iron.
• Prevention of fetal hypoxia.
• Promote normal mental development child and skeletal formation.
• Absolutely safe.
• There is a large selection of drugs for every taste.

Minuses

• Often such vitamins need to be taken over time, and this is not very convenient.
• There is a possibility of allergic reactions.
• Some vitamin complexes are too expensive, but they don’t last long.

Remember that coffee and soda interfere with the good absorption of calcium and iron supplements, so vitamin supplements should be taken only with clean water or weak herbal tea.

Rating of vitamins for the second trimester

American broad-spectrum vitamins for the well-being of pregnant and lactating women.

• Provides the optimal amount of iodine.
• Improves mood, relieves irritability.
• Maintain good condition of nails, hair, skin.

• Does not contain calcium.
• It's quite expensive.
• May cause allergies.

A gift to all expectant mothers from the Russian manufacturer Argo. These multivitamins are distinguished by their rich composition, affordable price and good tolerance.

• The tablets have a pleasant size and taste.
• To ensure that the components are better absorbed, “morning” and “evening” tablets are provided.
• Individual complexes contain iodine, iron or calcium.

• You have to take up to 6 tablets a day.
• The package lasts for 14 days.
• High price.

American-made multivitamins, designed specifically to cover the needs of pregnant women for all necessary micro-, macroelements and vitamins.

• Contains iodine.
• Provides all necessary elements.
• Can be taken throughout pregnancy.

• You need to take four tablets a day to get the desired effect.
• The capsules are large and difficult to swallow.
• High price.

An effective multivitamin complex for women expecting a child, developed by pharmacists in Canada and Germany. Can be taken from the day of conception, especially useful in the second and third trimesters.

• Competent and balanced composition.
• Presence of iodine.

• High price.
• May cause an allergic reaction, like any multicomponent product.

A very popular and affordable vitamin complex for pregnant women from a domestic manufacturer. Contains iodine and other important trace elements that completely solve all problems with a deficiency of any of them.

• The capsules are colored in different colors depending on the composition. That is, a woman herself can choose what she should take, focusing on the characteristics of her body.
• If you are allergic to any component, you can easily exclude it by simply sorting the tablets of the desired color.
• Affordable price for a large package - it is enough for the entire pregnancy.

• You should take three different capsules a day at intervals of 3-4 hours - this is inconvenient for forgetful women.
• The capsules are quite large and may be difficult to swallow.

Vitamins to take during the third trimester of pregnancy

Only a doctor can determine which vitamins are best to take during this period. The fruit is already fully formed, and now continues to improve and grow. Many women in the third trimester refuse multivitamin complexes altogether.

This is acceptable if the pregnancy proceeded and continues without complications, and even in the summer months, when everything you need is easy to obtain from fresh vegetables and fruits.

In all other cases, the emphasis should be on getting enough vitamins A, C and D; you still need to monitor hemoglobin levels and, if necessary, supplement vitamin complexes with iron supplements.

pros

• Provides a full range of vitamins necessary for mother and fetus.
• Wide selection of different complexes. You can choose at an affordable price.
• In most cases, well tolerated.

Minuses

• Some complexes do not contain all the necessary elements, so you have to take additional supplements.

Rating of vitamins for the third trimester

Universal vitamins for pregnant and lactating women contain antioxidants, amino acids and other microelements essential for the expectant mother and baby.

You live your life, get on with your life, and suddenly one day you find out that you are pregnant. The news may be expected or a surprise, but one thing is clear: now nothing will be the same and life is moving in a new direction. Changes begin with the body; now you will need nutrition enhanced with vitamins so that both mother and baby receive the full benefits. It often turns out that it is impossible to eat the required dose of vitamins from foods, and then pharmacy vitamins are an ideal solution. The rating of the best vitamins for pregnant women in 2020 will help you get acquainted with the products available on the market and choose the most suitable one for each expectant mother.

How to choose

It is no secret that multivitamin preparations for pregnant women differ in composition from regular vitamins. Special complexes already contain the required amount of nutrients and there is no need to calculate anything, as, for example, with fruits or vegetables. But the question arises: “Which company is better?” Pharmacy counters are blooming with a colorful abundance of drugs; there has been no shortage for a long time; on the contrary, it is difficult to decide on the variety. A rating of high-quality and popular drugs, what advantages they have and what disadvantages they have, will be useful here. In addition, build on your personal preferences. If you are vomiting from swallowing large capsules, then it is reasonable to pay attention to the size or shape of the drug. Of course, now to a greater extent The predominant form is capsules and tablets, but chewable and liquid vitamins can also be found.

Also, an important criterion when choosing can be the cost of the product; you can purchase an expensive complex, and if you have financial problems, then there is always the opportunity to find more budget-friendly analogues.

Having decided for yourself which vitamins are best to buy, do not forget to consult with your gynecologist from the antenatal clinic.

Rating of the best vitamins for pregnant women in 2020

Elevit-Pronatal

The combination of minerals and vitamins Elevit-Pronatal has long earned first place among the drugs prescribed to expectant mothers. They contain everything necessary to replenish the female body with various benefits. There is especially a lot of vitamin A and folic acid, which are so necessary during pregnancy. The only thing missing is iodine, so you will have to take it separately. The product is suitable for the planning stage, during pregnancy and after. That is, you don’t have to worry about which trimester Elevit-Pronatal will be relevant for. The drug is produced in the form of large gray-yellow oblong tablets, which are quite difficult to swallow. You need to take one tablet per day. According to buyers, thanks to taking Elevit-Pronatal, their emotional instability was reduced.

The cost depends on the number of tablets in the package; for 30 pieces you will have to pay from 750 rubles, and for 100 - from 2000 rubles. According to buyers, Elevit-Pronatal is the most reliable and balanced vitamin complex.

Elevit-Pronatal

Advantages:

• Easy to use;
• Contains folic acid;
• Does not cause heartburn;
• Gives strength;
• Possible for diabetics;
• Suitable for nursing women.

Flaws:

• Large tablet size;
• Lack of iodine;
• High price.

Vitrum Prenatal Forte

The American Vitrum Prenatal complex is very good; it can be taken by both pregnant and lactating women. This useful drug contains increased amounts of beta-carotene, vitamin A and folic acid. The tablets are a decent size, and if you have trouble swallowing, you may have difficulty taking them. The product is sold in several formats: 30, 60, 100 and 120 tablets.

For the proper development of pregnancy, reducing the formation of congenital pathologies and increasing immunity, taking vitamins is necessary and Vitrum Prenatal Forte is ideal for this. Thanks to a balanced vitamin complex, it plays important role during breastfeeding, saturating the milk with useful components and preventing the mother’s body from becoming depleted. There are contraindications, including hypervitaminosis of vitamins A and D, so you should consult your doctor before taking it.

The cost varies from 655 rubles to 2400 rubles.

vitrum prenatal forte

Advantages:

• An excellent combination of components that is necessary for the normal functioning of the body;
• Maintains bones in normal condition;
• Contains folic acid;
• Ideal for hair and skin;
• Also available for diabetics.

Flaws:

• Large tablet size;
• The composition contains a dye;
• Side effects may occur (itching, nausea, etc.).

Femibion

Femibion ​​multivitamins are divided into two types: for the first trimester and for the second trimester. The first is intended at the planning stages of pregnancy, as well as in the initial stages, up to the 12th week inclusive. They start drinking the second Femibion ​​from the 13th week. The product is available in the form of tablets and capsules, while capsules are available only in Femibion ​​2. The complex contains precisely those vitamins that expectant mothers are deficient in, including iodine. In addition to good balance, Femibion ​​has excellent digestibility. By the way, men can also take Femibion ​​1 at the stage of planning the arrival of a future family member. You can stop taking Femibion ​​2 either after childbirth or after finishing breastfeeding.

Cost of the complex: Femibion ​​1 - from 550 rubles, Femibion ​​2 - from 1000 rubles.

Advantages:

• Optimal ratio of elements;
• Remarkable digestibility;
• Convenient dosage regimen;
• For the proper development of pregnancy;
• Maintains bones in normal condition;
• Gives strength.

Flaws:

• High price;
• Some pregnant women noted the appearance of apathy.

One of the most popular Russian vitamin complexes for pregnant women is Alphabet. Love for it is due to the fact that, with an elegantly balanced composition, it has a budget price. The product is intended for use during pregnancy and is quite suitable for use during breastfeeding. The highlight of the drug is the division of tablets into colors. The manufacturer made this move so that minerals and vitamins are absorbed even better, and the components have an enhanced effect. It is advisable to take the tablets with food; you get three doses per day. The break between tablets should be at least 4 hours. Alphabet is a small tablet in size, so there are usually no problems with swallowing.

You can buy them from 360 rubles. There are 60 pieces in a package.

Alphabet mom's health

Advantages:

• Well balanced composition;
• Convenient shape;
• They save you from fatigue and give you strength;
• If you need to take certain vitamins, they can be easily found by color;
• Affordable price.

Flaws:

• Forgetful women will find it difficult to take it three times a day.

Solgar Prenatal

Solgar Prenatal vitamins are produced by the American company Solgar, and the brand is very popular both in the States and here. You can purchase the products in pharmacies or order through the American website iherb. The vitamin-mineral complex is perfectly balanced and contains many useful substances. In addition, the drug is endowed with kosher status, which means it has mega health benefits.

In Solgar Prenatal you will not find any flavors, artificial colors or gluten, so Russian testing has confirmed their safety. The minerals included in the drug are aimed at maintaining the full functioning of the heart, tissues and muscles of the fetus. Calcium comes in the form of carbonate and citrate, which prevents it from being deposited in the kidneys and allows it to be completely absorbed. The amino acid complex is wonderfully selected and due to this, not only the vital activity of the fetus is ensured, but also the well-being of the mother improves, and emotional instability decreases.

You can buy Solgar Prenatal from 1,100 rubles in pharmacies for 60 tablets. On iherb you can order from 1300 rubles (the price depends on the dollar exchange rate) for 240 tablets.

solgar prenatal nutrients

Advantages:

• Perfectly balanced composition;
• Contains iodine;
• Can be taken throughout pregnancy;
• Ideal for the normal functioning of the body;
• Maintains bones in normal condition;
• According to buyers, one of the best.

Flaws:

• High price;
• Large capsules that are difficult to swallow.

Complivit Trimester

Of the inexpensive domestic drugs, Complivit Trimesterum has proven itself well. It is produced separately for each trimester, that is, in three types. The complex designed for the first trimester is also suitable when planning a child. Each complex is filled with exactly those beneficial substances that a woman will need at this stage. So “Trimester 1” contains a decent amount of folic acid, in the other two complexes it is already significantly less and the emphasis is on other vitamins. The drug does not contain iodine, so it can be taken by women who have increased thyroid function. The form of administration is small tablets that do not cause problems with swallowing.

Cost: from 270 rubles and above.

Complivit Trimester

Advantages:

• Budget;
• Easy to swallow;
• Contains folic acid in the required amount;
• Strengthens hair and nails.

Flaws:

• May cause allergies.

Multi-Tabs PERINATAL

Another good vitamin from a domestic manufacturer is called Multi-Tabs PERINATAL. They are produced using Danish technology, and they include all the necessary substances. For proper functioning of the thyroid gland, the composition is enriched with iodine. It also contains selenium and calcium. You need to take one tablet a day, and the result will not be long in coming. After the first days of taking it, your health improves significantly, hair becomes thicker and grows faster, and nails become stronger. Vitamins should be taken from the second trimester of pregnancy, and it is advisable to continue taking them during breastfeeding. By saturating your body with Multi-Tabs, you will avoid dental problems in the future.

You can buy a drug containing 60 tablets for a price starting from 570 rubles.

Multi-Tabs PERINATAL

Advantages:

• Affordable price;
• Reduces emotional instability;
• Gives strength;
• Has a beneficial effect on a woman’s appearance;
• One tablet is enough to provide the body with useful substances.

Flaws:

• There may be allergic reactions.

Pregnavite

Budget drugs for pregnant women can also be found among foreign manufacturers, for example, Pregnavit capsules from a German brand. This combined multivitamin complex will be useful both during pregnancy and during feeding. The complex is enriched with vitamins of groups B, A, C, D, and also contains iron and calcium. The product is available in capsule form. During the 1st trimester, a woman should drink one capsule, during the 2nd - two capsules and during the 3rd - three. They are taken with meals and washed down well with water. The minerals and vitamins contained in the preparation have an excellent effect on well-being, helping to normalize hemoglobin levels and the number of red blood cells.

Cost: from 700 rubles and above.

Pregnavite

Advantages:

• Balanced composition;
• Raises hemoglobin;
• Positively affects the condition of hair and nails;
• Prevent the possible development of rickets in a child;
• They have a great effect on a woman’s emotional state.

Flaws:

• Allergic reactions and gastrointestinal problems are possible;
• Not sold in all pharmacies.

Rainbow Light Prenatal One

One of the highest quality American vitamins for pregnant and lactating women, according to customers, is Rainbow Light Prenatal One. Since they contain a lot of vitamin A, it is advisable to take them in the third trimester and after the birth of the baby. In addition to a balanced composition of minerals and vitamins, the complex contains raspberry leaf, beneficial spirulina extract, ginger extract, and lactobacilli for digestion. The product is available in capsule form; you need to take one capsule per day. After starting to take Rainbow Light Prenatal One, many women noted that their hair stopped falling out and began to grow better. It was also difficult not to notice the appearance of a good mood and an influx of energy.

You can purchase them on the iHerb website, the cost for a package with 30 capsules is 1070 rubles.

Rainbow Light Prenatal One

Advantages:

• Rich composition, even contains lactobacilli;
• Excellent effect on well-being;
• Improves appearance;
• Reduces emotional instability;
• Does not cause heartburn;
• Contains organic fruits and vegetables.

Flaws:

• Difficult to get;
• High price.

Conclusion

If you are diagnosed with diabetes or GDM, this does not mean that you cannot take vitamins. On the contrary, the body is experiencing an acute shortage of nutrients, and they can be replenished with a well-chosen multivitamin complex.

Those with poor eyesight are definitely worried about how pregnancy will affect their vision and whether they can take medications based on blueberry extract or with lutein. Regarding this, most manufacturers believe that you should refrain from taking medications to improve vision. There are, of course, reservations that it can be taken if the benefit to the mother is significantly greater than the harm to the fetus, but such deviations are very doubtful. It’s better to eat fresh blueberries or frozen ones, then there will be no harm to the baby.

When thinking about which complex to choose, rely on your personal preferences in the form of taking the drug, study the composition of the product and consult with your gynecologist before purchasing. There are enough high-quality drugs on the Russian market; their disadvantage is, perhaps, only in one thing - the monotony of the format. Available in either capsule or tablet form. When ordering American medications, you can choose chewable form and liquid vitamins.

You shouldn’t give up taking vitamins just because you can’t swallow huge capsules; you can always find a tasty and healthy alternative. It’s another matter if your pregnancy falls during a warm season, and you enjoy fresh fruits and vegetables from the heart, then the body will absorb vitamins in their pure form. Remember that an overdose of vitamins is just as dangerous as a lack of them.

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