Forests are gigantic laboratories. Complex sentences with different types of connections between parts

Algorithm for placing punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech (other people's speech is written in quotation marks):

For example: “You don’t need to worry,” he said. Another example where the author's words follow someone else's speech: He said, "Don't worry." And compare: “You,” he said, “don’t need to worry.” A comma and a dash are placed before and after the author’s words. Someone else’s speech can be in the middle of the author’s words: He said: “You don’t need to worry,” and went out.” (See the answer to the third question of the algorithm).

Two destinies

This was somewhere at the end of the last century. A clarinetist came to hire a clarinetist at the Panaevsky Theater on the Neva embankment, right next to the Palace Bridge. The rehearsal was already coming to an end, the conductor was in a hurry, and the letters of recommendation presented were so thorough that they did without an audition. It should have been played that same evening; Faust with Chaliapin was on.

The newcomer went through the first two acts safely, but in the third - Mephistopheles' aria. The orchestra almost fell silent, the violinists switched to pizzicato, the clarinetist turned the page and saw - solo! Not paying attention to anything, afraid of lying, the young man tries his best. And suddenly, looking at the conductor, he sees desperate signs, catches a furious whisper: “Pianissimo!”

The musician was confused, but somehow finished the solo. They finished the act, everyone left the orchestra pit, and he was left with a sad thought: “I failed!” And suddenly - Chaliapin’s thunderous voice: “Where is your clarinetist? Let's get it here!

There were rumors that the great singer was cool even with venerable conductors, and the newcomer completely wilted. But then Chaliapin runs up and hugs him: “Well done, thank you!” Saved me! “Your orchestra is like in a dungeon,” he explained to the conductor, “you can’t hear a damn thing on stage.” I feel like I’m starting to lose my tone, and suddenly the clarinetist starts screaming! Well, I immediately caught the tone!”

Y. Novikov “Two Fates”.

Man's destiny

Exactly on the ninth of May, in the morning, Victory Day, a German sniper killed my Anatoly...

In the afternoon the company commander calls me. I saw an artillery lieutenant colonel, unfamiliar to me, sitting with him. I entered the room, and he stood up as if in front of a senior man. The commander of my company says: “To you, Sokolov,” and he turned to the window. It struck me like an electric current, because I sensed something bad. The lieutenant colonel came up to me and quietly said: “Take courage, father! Your son, captain Sokolov, was killed today at the battery. Come with me!

I swayed, but stayed on my feet. Now, as if in a dream, I remember how I was driving with the lieutenant colonel in a large car, how we made our way through streets littered with rubble, I vaguely remember the soldier formation and the coffin upholstered in red velvet. And I see Anatoly like you, brother.

I approached the coffin. My son lies in it and is not mine. Mine is always a smiling, narrow-shouldered boy, with a sharp Adam’s apple on his thin neck, and here lies a young, broad-shouldered, handsome man, his eyes are half-closed, as if he is looking somewhere past me, into a distant distance unknown to me. Only in the corners of his lips did the laughter of the old son remain forever, the Only one I once knew... I kissed him and stepped aside. The lieutenant colonel made a speech. My Anatoly’s comrades and friends are wiping away their tears, but my unshed tears have apparently dried up on my heart. Maybe that's why it hurts so much?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man.”

Lights

Once upon a time, on a dark autumn evening, I happened to be sailing along a gloomy Siberian river; at a bend in the river, a light flashed ahead, under the dark mountains.

Flashed brightly, strongly, very close...

“Well,” I said with joy, “the night is near!” The rower turned and looked over his shoulder at

fire and again apathetically leaned on the oars:

I didn’t believe it: the light just stood there, protruding forward from the indefinite darkness. But the rower was right: it turned out to be really far away.

The property of these night lights is to approach, conquering the darkness, and sparkle, and promise, and beckon with their proximity. It seems that two or three more strokes of the oar are just around the corner, and the journey is over... And yet it’s a long way off!..

Now I often remember this dark river, shaded by rocky mountains, and this living light. Many lights, both before and after, attracted more than one me with their proximity.

But still... still there are lights ahead!

V. G. Korolenko (133 words)

Return of Chichikov

Our hero was in the most cheerful mood. Of course, even approaching the village of Plyushkin, he already had a presentiment that there would be some profit, but he never expected such a profitable one. All the way he was unusually cheerful, whistled, played with his lips, putting his fist to his mouth, as if playing a trumpet, and finally began to sing some kind of song, so extraordinary that Selifan himself listened, listened and then, shaking his head slightly , said: “You see how the master sings!”

It was already deep twilight when they approached the city. The shadow and light were completely mixed up, and it seemed that the objects themselves were mixed up too. Thunder and jumps made it possible to notice that the chaise had driven onto the pavement. The lanterns had not yet been lit, in some places the windows of houses were just beginning to be illuminated, and in the alleys and back streets scenes and conversations took place, inseparable from this time in all cities where there are many soldiers, cab drivers and servants.

Finally, the chaise, having made a decent leap, sank, as if into a pit, into the gates of the hotel, and Chichikov was met by Petrushka, who held the hem of his coat with one hand, for he did not like the floors to separate, and with the other he began to help him get out of the chaise.

“We took a long walk,” said the floor guard, lighting the stairs.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

(152 words)

Counselor

“Where is the counselor?” – I asked Savelich. “Here, your honor,” the voice from above answered me. I looked at the Polati and saw a black beard and two sparkling eyes. “What, brother, are you cold?” - “How not to vegetate in one thin armyak? There was a sheepskin coat, but let’s be honest? I spent the evening at the kisser’s - the frost seemed mild.”

“Okay,” I said coolly, “if you don’t want to give half a rouble, then take him something from my dress.” He is dressed too lightly. Give him my rabbit sheepskin coat.

Have mercy, father, Pyotr Andreevich,” said Savelich. - Why does he need your hare sheepskin coat? He will drink it, the dog, in the first tavern.

This, old lady, is not your sadness,” said my tramp, “whether I drink or not.”

Please don’t be smart,” I told my uncle. - Now bring the sheepskin coat here.

The tramp was extremely pleased with my gift. He walked me to the tent and said with a low bow: “Thank you, your honor!.. (...) I will never forget your mercies.”

A. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”.

(134 words)

Blind boy

One day a blind boy Petrus was sitting on a hill above the river and playing his pipe. The sun was setting and there was silence in the air. The boy had just stopped playing and lay back on the grass. He forgot himself for a minute, when suddenly someone’s light steps brought him out of his slumber. He raised himself onto his elbow with displeasure and listened. The steps stopped. The gait was unfamiliar to him.

The blind man did not like it when his solitude was disturbed. Therefore, he answered the question not particularly kindly:

How well you play,” said the girl.

The blind man remained silent.

“Why don’t you leave?” he then asked, hearing that the girl continued to stand in place.

Why are you chasing me?

I don't like it when people come to me.

The girl laughed.

Here's another... Look at this. Is the whole earth yours and can you forbid anyone to walk on the earth?

Mom ordered everyone not to come here to see me.

Mom?” the girl asked thoughtfully. “And my mother allowed me to walk over the river.”

V. Korolenko “The Blind Musician.”

How it was

For almost a month, N.I. Kuznetsov, together with his comrades, lived and acted in Lvov and its environs.

On January 31, Lieutenant Colonel Petters and Corporal Seidel were killed at air force headquarters. The shooter, wearing the uniform of a German officer, fled.

On February 9, on Leitenstraße, a car drove up to house number 5, and Hauptmann got out. He approached a group of officers and asked:

Which one of you is Dr. Bauer?

And, having received an answer, he calmly said:

A secret package for you.

Hauptmann pulled out the pistol and fired several times. The gray Fiat took off and, leaving the corpses of the Nazis on the asphalt, disappeared into the streets of the city.

A fascist newspaper published in Lvov in Ukrainian reported that the vice-governor of Galicia, Dr. Otto Bauer, and the chief of the chancellery, Dr. Heinrich Schneider, had been killed.

The Nazis easily recognized Paul Siebert's handwriting and went crazy looking for Hauptmann. The Gestapo surrounded Lviv with several patrol rings, carefully checking the documents of each officer. Not far from Lvov, in the village of Kurovichi, Major Kantor stopped a gray Fiat and looked at Hauptmann’s documents with a meticulous glance.

It’s strange, you don’t have a stamp about leaving Lviv.

“Nothing!” answered Paul Siebert calmly.

Let's sort it out now!

N.I. Kuznetsov killed the major with shots from a pistol.

Y. Penkov “How it was.”

To Army

The music played for a while

The major's order was harsh.

What my beloved told me

I don't remember.

I forgot everything.

But I remembered that goodbye

one moment of silence

and maternal breathing:

If you never had a chance to know war...

And the train moved easily and simply,

There was a slight commotion in the carriages.

And outside the window miles stretched

the land that trusted us.

Dawns and sunsets alternated,

groves and meadows flashed by.

We are like steel

carried by sergeants

not yet hardened.

And we didn’t know then

the prices of that same silence,

in which mothers exhaled:

Never have you known war!

Mikhail Anishchenko (65 words)

Hero of Science

Creating a literary portrait of any outstanding person is not an easy task. This work is complicated by the canonized concepts included in all encyclopedias and textbooks. And the larger the figure, the more stable the stereotypical idea turns out to be and the more difficult it is to discern a real living person behind the usual scheme.

In this sense, the life of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is especially difficult to describe. We learn about Mendeleev back in school: many special, popular and fiction books, magazine and newspaper articles have been written about him. As a result, we habitually imagine him as a bent, bearded old man who discovered the Periodic Law almost in his sleep. And we do not give ourselves a clear account of the place this law occupied and occupies in natural science, nor what the internal logic of its discovery was, we also forget that in 1869 Mendeleev was not a decrepit old man, but a blooming hero full of life.

The discovery of the Periodic Law followed from the entire course of scientific knowledge of the last century and was the work of Mendeleev’s entire life - the thought of the unity of chemical elements, of their atomic weight as the basis of classification, did not leave him from his student years until the end of his life. But Mendeleev was by no means a laboratory recluse: he was an ardent preacher of science and culture, a thinker and public figure, teacher, editor, and publicist.

We will learn all this by reading the book “For the People’s Harvest,” written by a major Soviet scientist, academician I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov and writer V.I. Rich.

The biography of the great Russian scientist acquires features of special authenticity due to the fact that the authors used unique documentary material - the diary entries of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev himself, in which he is sometimes revealed from a completely unexpected side.

Mendeleev wrote, for example, that in the future the goal and task of chemistry will be the transformation of some elements into others. There is a record that when heavier atoms of heavy elements are formed from simpler ones, “energy will be consumed, and the equality of the masses of the initial and resulting products will not be maintained.” Another entry: “We say that matter is eternal, and therefore simple bodies are eternal, but we must [say] the opposite: we do not know how to decompose simple bodies, and therefore the weight is constant.”

It is amazing that all this was written almost a quarter of a century before the discovery of radioactivity, many decades before the appearance of Einstein’s famous formula and atomic energy.

The book was published to mark the 150th anniversary of the scientist’s birth.

M. Volpin (276 words)

Hunters

A French proverb says: “A dry fisherman and a wet hunter look sad.”

Having never had a passion for fishing, I cannot judge what a fisherman experiences in good, clear weather and how much in stormy times the pleasure given to him by abundant catch outweighs the unpleasantness of being wet. But for a hunter, rain is a real disaster. It was precisely this kind of disaster that Ermolai and I suffered on one of our trips for black grouse. The rain had not stopped since dawn. We really didn’t do anything to get rid of it! And they put rubber raincoats almost over their heads, and stood under trees so that it would drip less... Waterproof raincoats, not to mention the fact that they interfered with shooting, let water through in the most shameless way; and under the trees - for sure, at first it didn’t seem to be dripping, but then suddenly the moisture accumulated in the foliage broke through, each branch doused us as if from a rain pipe, a cold stream climbed under the tie and flowed along the spine... And this is the last thing , as Ermolai put it. “No, Pyotr Petrovich,” he finally exclaimed. “You can’t do that!.. You can’t hunt today...”

I. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter.”

(174 words)

"Revolution from Above" in Russia

Representatives of various social groups, from moderate Slavophiles to the democrat Herzen, defended classlessness. The famous reform figure A.I. Koshelev almost convinced the tsar that strong public self-government was the only antidote to bureaucracy. “Bureaucracy,” he prophesied, “contains within itself the source of past, present and (we hope, not for long) future disasters for Russia.”

Ivan Aksakov proposed “that the nobility be allowed to solemnly, in the face of all of Russia, commit the great act of destroying themselves as a class.”

Of course, these ideas did not pass. However, as well as purely noble claims to strengthen their political influence.

Alexander II did not want to give parliament to some nobles, but he was afraid of all classes.

It is curious that in these very months, when such a significant political issue was being resolved in secret, the already mentioned prisoner “state criminal” Nikolai Serno-Solovyevich addressed the Tsar from a cell in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

N. Eidelman “Revolution from Above” in Russia.”

Lion and label

Leo woke up and became angry

rush about

The fierce one broke the silence,

menacing roar -

Some beast decided over the Lion

mock:

He attached it to the Lion's tail

It is written: “Donkey”, there is a number

with fraction, date,

And a round seal, and next to it

someone's signature...

Leo lost his temper: what should I do?

Where to begin?

Tear the tag off the tail?!.

What about the number?! And the seal?!

You still have to answer!

Deciding to get rid of the label

Angry at a gathering of animals

The lion has arrived.

“Am I a Leo or not a Leo?” – asked

he is irritated.

“In fact, you are a Leo! – Jackal

said reasonably. -

But legally, we see

you're a donkey! —

“What kind of an Ass am I when I don’t eat?

Am I a Leo or not a Leo? Ask

Kangaroo!" —

"Yes! - Kangaroo in response. - To you

outwardly, undoubtedly, there is something lion-like, but I can’t tell what!..” -

"Donkey! Why are you silent?! - A lion

growled in confusion. –

Am I like those who sleep

goes to the barn?!”

The donkey thought and said

judgment:

“You are not yet a Donkey, but you are already

not Leo!..”

In vain Leo asked and humiliated himself,

Demanded from the Wolf, Jackal

explained...

He is without sympathy, of course,

didn't stay

But no one took the label off him.

The lion lost its appearance and became

waste away little by little

First to this, then to others, he began to give in

And somehow at dawn from the Lion's den

Suddenly came the donkey's voice: “E-aa!”

The moral of the fable is:

Another label is stronger than Leo!

Sergey Mikhalkov (119 words)

From an African diary

This year we often met elephants. An elephant came to our camp near the waterfalls during the day and began to take over. He took a fancy to a box of food, the contents of which he carefully examined. When we returned to the camp, we found a picture of a terrible defeat. Rice and pasta were scattered around the tents, which the elephant neglected, but all the cabbage, potatoes and carrots were stolen. According to the cook, the elephant also grabbed five chocolate bars. But for some reason everyone laughed at this in disbelief.

Elephants walk calmly around the village near the hotel. I saw a large group of elephants literally a few tens of meters from the construction site of the bridge across the Nile in the Pakwach area. Despite the noise of cranes, bulldozers and multi-ton trucks, they calmly grazed in a small swamp. On the roads of Uganda you can often see the inscription: “Elephants have the right of way.” Translated from the language of motorists it means: give way to elephants.

In Uganda, I first saw a huge number of hippos, or, as they are called there, “hippos,” short for hippopotamus. In water they do not make much of an impression, but on land their appearance causes an involuntary smile: a huge bubble on short legs and runs at a funny trot. In case of any danger, the hippopotamus hurries to the water - there it is more mobile and, by diving, escapes from any enemy. True, he doesn’t have many enemies, mostly people, and, according to local hunters, sometimes a lion decides to attack him.

A. Kapitsa “From an African diary.”

Meeting the first drop

When I, while still a schoolboy, began to record various phenomena in nature, I soon became convinced that, in general, I knew nothing about the birds, forests and rivers around me. It’s easy to say: “The poplar has bloomed.” What does it mean? Everyone has seen how dandelions and daisies bloom. How does aspen bloom? Is it blooming too? I didn't even think about it! To determine that finches have arrived, you need to know how they sing. And in general, it turned out that they didn’t sing at all when they arrived, they sat tired and silent. And only a few days later, when the finches finally appear, the finches begin to pour into the light birch trees.

This kind of activity is phenology, which makes you get to know your region more and more. And, learning, love him more and more. Because, as the wonderful expert on our nature K. Paustovsky accurately said, “happiness is given only to those who know. The more a person knows, the more sharply, the more powerfully he sees the poetry of the earth where a person with meager knowledge will never find it.”

The main value of the century was time. I don’t have time to do anything, unfulfilled plans hang and oppress me like a gray stone every day. But the worst thing is that there was no time to think: all the time under the pressure of work, under the constant load of the urgent.

Only with no worries (even hunting passion!), unburdened communication with the world of fields and forests provides such an opportunity.

V. Petrov “Meeting with the first drop.”

Forest

Chekhov, through the mouth of Doctor Astrov, expressed one of his amazingly accurate thoughts that the forest teaches a person to understand beauty. In the forests, the grandeur, beauty and power of nature, enhanced by a certain haze of mystery, appears before us with the greatest expressiveness. This gives them a special charm. Forests are the greatest sources of inspiration and health. These are gigantic laboratories. They produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust. In them you breathe air that is two hundred times cleaner and healthier than the air in cities. It is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality. But that's not the main point. The forest is our most faithful assistant in the struggle for the harvest. It stores soil moisture, softens the climate, stops dry and hot winds, and with its green dams blocks the path of quicksand - the scouts of the desert. It is a moisture condenser: dew, fog, frost. It is impossible to list all the disasters that come from the destruction of forests. In those places where forests are destroyed, the land becomes sick with infertility and dry ulcers of ravines. During the war, our forests were lost on an area of almost twenty million hectares. We need to plant forests not only to restore the natural forces of the earth, but also for our economy. We need a lot of wood. In our national economy there are at least five thousand ways of using it. We are a great forest power. Our forest science is the most advanced. We can be proud of the names of Dokuchaev, Timiryazev, Morozov, the names of talented foresters. These are the devotees of forestry, great workers in the name of the generations coming to replace us.

K. Paustovsky (210 words)

Vegetable garden in the taiga

We had been traveling along a narrow path for a long time, untrodden by anyone, which is why two or three of its ruts only slightly cut into the virgin greenery of a luxurious meadow. Somewhere we obviously strayed from the road, but we continued on our way, not caring at all about it, since the mountains on the opposite bank could serve as a guide for us. Now a young bright green forest grew towards us, over the tops of which the chalk cliffs were already disappearing. Our path suddenly ran into some space unknown to our companions, surrounded on both sides by a town.

We looked around in surprise: in front of us lay a real, perfectly prepared vegetable garden. This was such a rare phenomenon for the Yakut naslegs that I involuntarily wanted to immediately find out the history of its occurrence.

It turned out that one of the governors-general, a beautiful-hearted man, a great expert and lover of gardening, ordered in the strictest circulars that vegetable gardens be established in all villages. The executive Yakuts exactly carried out the will of their superiors: they took away a piece of land, surrounded it with a very strong palisade, leaving only one entrance, locked with a padlock. However, things did not go further. The Yakuts did not understand the ideas of gardening, and apart from circulars, they received nothing more from the authorities. Empty plots remained behind the stockades for a long, long time.

And suddenly - a vegetable garden. The high beds were already green with potato tops and curly carrot plumes. Pale green cabbage seedlings stuck out one by one in shallow holes, still dark from abundant watering. Peas were curled along stakes placed crosswise. In the small frame of a primitive greenhouse, the shoots of cucumbers were cozily green, apparently carefully protected from the short but sharp morning frosts. Not far away, a field of eared winter crops was agitated.

In these desert places, where arable land is very rare, such a glorious vegetable garden stunned us with its appearance, its enchanting charm.

V. Korolenko “The History of My Contemporary.”

Pages from the life of the great biologist

With enormous internal concentration and, I am not afraid of exaggeration, literally every second use of free time for scientific work, N.I. Vavilov outwardly seemed extroverted, was cheerful, loved jokes and laughter, and knew how to make others laugh. The atmosphere of sunny optimism that surrounded the scientist was successfully recreated with the help of the surviving memories of his contemporaries, including unpublished ones.

The most important thing in a book about a scientist is, of course, the presentation of the dynamics and development of his ideas, and, depending on how this is done, the success or failure of the author is ultimately determined. Without at all simplifying the presentation of Vavilov’s teachings for the general reader, the author gives a concise and clear idea of all the rich scientific heritage that N.I. left. Vavilov and which immortalized his name. Perhaps the only thing that should be said more in this regard is the form in which all these discoveries were cast, about his articles and especially his books.

Academician Vavilov was a great worker, he worked everywhere and always, documenting the results of his experiments in the fields, during scientific observations, on trips, regardless of the circumstances - on a bivouac, by the light of an expedition fire, in a steamboat cabin, perched somewhere on a plot . This constant work, not interrupted for a single day, yielded a tremendous result even in quantitative terms - more than 400 articles and about 20 books and brochures were published during his lifetime. Several thick books remained in manuscript, and over a dozen articles were published posthumously.

V. Alekseev “Pages of the life of the great biologist.”

(172 words)

Was Paganini photographed?

More than one hundred and fifty years ago, in 1831, my great-great-grandmother Claudia Isaakovna Hannibal, granddaughter of the Arab Peter I, listened to the great Paganini in Paris.

Why am I writing about this? Because Paganini’s playing made such a strong impression, so shocked the audience, that attending his concert became a kind of precious spiritual relic, passed on from generation to generation. This was the case in our family: even as a child, learning to play the violin under the guidance of my father, I heard stories from him about Paganini, which he reproduced from the words of his grandmother, who, in turn, was based on the memories of her mother.

Is it not from that memorable visit by Claudia Isaakovna Hannibal to a Paganini concert that the commitment to the violin stretches through five generations of our family? My father was a violin maker; his instruments can still be seen today in the State Collection of the Moscow Conservatory. And I, a metallurgist by profession, consider violin to be my second profession. I will not develop this topic further - I have already touched on it on the pages of magazines.

G. Dubinin (145 words)

LESSON #10

Subject. Speech activity. Concise summary*

Goal: to develop in schoolchildren the ability to write a concise summary of a text in a journalistic style according to plan; develop their ability to highlight the main thing; educate children to respect nature.

Expected results: students understand the main content of the text, are able to retell it concisely, and make a plan; determine the topic, the main idea of the text, give it a title, express their attitude to what they read and listened to.

Equipment: textbook; reproductions of paintings depicting landscapes; text for presentation, explanatory dictionary.

Lesson type: application of knowledge, skills and abilities.

I. UPDATED STUDENTS’ BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

- Checking homework.

- Conversation with students.

What types of speech do you know?

How many styles of speech are there in Russian?

Describe the journalistic style.

II. MOTIVATION OF STUDENTS' LEARNING ACTIVITIES. ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE TOPIC AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

Why is the issue of environmental protection today acute not only in our country, but throughout the world?

III. PERCEPTION AND LEARNING EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL

- Reading the text by the teacher.

PROTECT FORESTS

Forests are the greatest sources of inspiration and health. These are gigantic laboratories. They produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust.

The forest is our most faithful assistant in the struggle for the harvest. It stores soil moisture, softens the climate, stops dry and hot winds, and blocks the path of shifting sands with its green dams. It is a moisture condenser: dew, fog, frost. Rivers originate from forest swamps.

Places where forests have been destroyed are subject to severe erosion from melt water and rain.

It is impossible to list all the disasters that come from the destruction of forests. If you knew about them, then you probably wouldn’t even raise your hand to break a branch of a blooming linden tree for a bouquet.

In those places where forests are destroyed, the land becomes sick with infertility and dry ulcers of ravines. There is nothing more dismal than the sight of drying up dirty rivers, clearings, burnt areas, all these wastelands brought to life by the ignorance, carelessness and greed of man.

The great power of life is visible in everything: in the swaying of peaks, in the whistling of birds, in soft lighting. And in the evening, somewhere near the forest waters, a man sits down by a fire, and silence settles next to him. Stars, a hundred times brighter than above the dusty canopy of cities, light up in the sky.

(According to K. Paustovsky)

- Lexical work.

Using the textbook's explanatory dictionary, give an interpretation of the word elixir.

Using an explanatory dictionary, give an interpretation of the words gigantic, burning, canopy, condenser.

- Conversation with students.

Textbook

What is the main idea of the text? Subject?

What title would you suggest?

Is it possible to put the words of V. Mayakovsky, completing the text, as an epigraph?

How do you understand the meaning of the phrase elixir of death?

What type of speech is the text?

Find the thesis and arguments in the text.

What is the most important thing in this text?

What do you think is the main information and what is the secondary information?

Name the key words and phrases in this text.

How do you feel about saving water? Is this necessary?

Textbook

What type and style of speech does the text belong to?

What does the title of the text reflect: the topic or the main idea?

What is the idea of the text?

Find the thesis and arguments.

Why is a direct appeal to the reader introduced?

Think about what information can be omitted and what information can be conveyed in general?

Highlight the prefixes in the words erosion, desolate, blocking, barren.

Explain the spelling not in the words ignorance, negligence, don’t know, didn’t rise.

Place punctuation marks in the sentence: The forest is a condenser of moisture, dew, fog and frost.

- Drawing up a simple presentation plan.

Textbook

Sample plan:

1. Elixir of death.

2. Scary pictures of the future.

3. Thoughtless attitude towards water.

4. Save water!

Textbook

Sample plan:

1. Forests are gigantic laboratories.

2. Forest air is a source of strength and vigor.

3. The forest is our assistant in the fight for the harvest.

4. Destroy the forest - deprive the land of fertility.

5. Destroy the forest - cause diseases of the earth.

6. “The great power of life.”

- Oral retelling of the text.

- Repeated reading of the text by the teacher.

- Writing a presentation.

IV. HOMEWORK

1. Review theoretical material.

2. Write a miniature essay “Monologue of a Freshly Cut Flower.”

V. SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

- Question for students.

What do you think you can do to protect the environment today?

_____________________________________________________________________

Stylistic functions of conjunctions and allied words

Conjunctions and allied words play a large semantic and stylistic role in complex phrases. They may have different stylistic characteristics.

1. Stylistically neutral conjunctions: what, so that, because, how, if

2. Conversational: connecting and adversative conjunction YES, dividing OR, NOT THAT, connecting conjunctions YES AND, AND THAT, NOT THAT: The elbow is close, but you won’t bite; union to , not at the beginning of a sentence: Your yard to to see again, we rejected the love of two Armenian princesses. ONCE (meaning If) Once you say it, do it; what (meaning How) People's rumor is that a sea wave

3. Books: due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in order to, for, truth.

4. Obsolete: if, until, as soon as, if, for now, in order, then, so that, because etc. Their use gives speech a colloquial character. Given the context, some of these unions acquire a clerical character ( if, so that, will).

Conjunctive words which and which can act as synonyms, so their interchangeability is possible. But they have different shades of meaning: which– introduces the general meaning of definition into the subordinate clause, and the word Which– an additional shade of likening, comparison, qualitative or quantitative emphasis: It is impossible to list all the disasters that come from the destruction of forests.

The stylistically motivated and grammatically accurate use of conjunctions makes speech clear and convincing.

We can talk about speech deficiencies only in those cases when the departure from the norms accepted in FL is not justified by the stylistic task.

1. Cluttering a complex sentence with subordinate clauses, when the connection between the parts of a complex whole is obscured, sometimes some constructive element or connecting link is missing, which makes it difficult to understand the sentence.

2. Variation in the parts of a complex prdl: The speaker put forward two points: 1) The promotion of scientific knowledge is becoming increasingly important; 2) the role of secondary school teachers in this work. The numbered parts, acting as a kind of homogeneous members of the sentence under the generalizing member of the sentence, have a different structure: the first part is a two-part prdl, the second is a one-part nominative.

Sometimes heterogeneity is associated with unequal word order in subordinate homogeneous subordinate clauses. Usually in these cases the same (direct or reverse) order of the main terms of the pdl is preserved, although this is not necessary: The achievements of the teaching staff include the fact that educational work is successfully carried out at the school, extracurricular activities are well organized, and student performance is increasing from year to year.(in the 2nd sentence, reverse word order is also needed).

3. Design displacement: The last thing I'll touch on is the issue of using quotes(in the main prdl with the subject last thing a compound nominal predicate, attached by means of the word THIS without an auxiliary verb, would have to be in the nominative case form): One last thing... this is a question about using quotes. The following case also applies to the displacement of structures: Anyone who needs advice needs to be provided with it. There is no objection to the interruption of the structure, which has the character of connection: Peace and friendship - we always welcome guests with these words.

4. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words, for example, the use of one conjunction or allied word instead of another: The issue was discussed at a special meeting, where a detailed decision was made.- there is no reason to replace the word which in a word Where.

The pleonastic use of conjunctions (placing unambiguous conjunctions side by side) is also incorrect: however nevertheless, but nevertheless however and so on: The newspaper insistently emphasized that it seems The US is currently in the midst of a major foreign policy controversy. Combination as if) occurs in cases where the explanatory meaning is complicated by a shade of modality: Zakhar pretended to take a step, but he remained in place.

Often an extra conjunction appears after an introductory word or sentence, which is mistakenly taken as part of the main sentence (predicate): Sometimes you meet strangers on the street whom you think you’ve already seen somewhere. A correlative word (demonstrative pronoun) may be superfluous here: We admired those stars that shone in the night sky.

5. Incorrect word order. It is often violated in subordinate clauses. So, the words are allied words which, whose, which replace the nearest antecedent noun. The horses of the Cossacks, which were covered with foam, rushed ahead. If it is impossible or impractical to replace a subordinate clause with a participial phrase or it is difficult to rearrange words, you can introduce an indicative word into the main sentence That or such, correlative to the conjunctive word which or Which, another technique is repetition of the defined word.

SHORT SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION

Pyotr Maksimovich left the Kremlin, went down to the Moscow River and walked along the embankment. He wanted to take a walk. He nodded to the driver, and the car moved carefully behind him.

The driver looked at the old professor and grinned - he, in the driver’s opinion, was an eccentric. Getting into the car on the way to the Kremlin, he immediately began to be indignant at the stuffiness, lowered the windows and created a draft. Neither the two terry carnations in a glass container attached near the door nor the electric lighter made any impression on him, although the professor was noticeably nervous and smoked two cigarettes on the way to the Kremlin.

The driver was offended. Everyone admired the car, but this old man just snorted as if he was being carried on a shaking car. Therefore, after thinking, the driver said:

This car is light and obedient, not like some stupid Buick.

What is this Buick of yours? - Pyotr Maksimovich asked angrily.

The driver grinned:

Such a brand.

“All these brands are the same,” the professor grumbled. - They poison the air. And they get on people’s nerves.

The driver turned around quickly. The car was parked in front of a closed traffic light.

“I don’t object to that,” said the driver. - I am a lover of fresh air myself. In my homeland, in the Kaluga region, the places are comfortable. It’s just that, in my opinion, it’s not entirely correct to argue the way you do.

Why so?

But because if you wish, I will deliver you to these places in two hours in my car. We'll pull off the highway, park the car under a birch tree, you open the door and - please! - pick strawberries right under the wheels. Convenience! And you will travel seven hours by train. Yes, even with a transfer.

The professor made a sound like a light chuckle, but remained silent. The driver, without waiting for an answer, rushed the car under an open traffic light. Squinting contemptuously, he rushed her to the Kremlin. There he deftly stopped the car almost at full speed, rustling with new tires.

While the professor was in the Kremlin, the driver calmed down and even took a nap. And now, sitting in the car, he looked, just like the professor, at the grayish haze that was falling over the city in the evening, at the strings of white lights, at the river trams driving smooth waves to the granite shores, at the distant greenery of the Lenin Mountains and multi-colored the lights of trolleybuses rushing along a long bridge. The windows in the car were rolled down, and gradually the smell of blooming linden trees began to penetrate into it.

Fine! - the driver sighed.

He wanted the professor to stand on the embankment longer. But the professor looked at his watch, hurriedly got into the car and ordered him to go to the theater studio.

To the studio, to the studio! The driver didn't care. But it’s still strange: what relation could this learned old man have to the theater?

When the car drove into the studio courtyard, a girl in a dress flying in the wind rushed towards it. Her hair was copper-colored. She opened the door, helped the professor out, and they kissed.

The driver looked after them, pulled his cap over his eyes, scratched the back of his head, and quietly sang: “If I had golden mountains and rivers full of wine, I would give everything for these glances, for these sweet eyes...” Only after that he reluctantly left yard

Well, how is it in the Kremlin? - Anfisa asked excitedly.

Perfect! In general, your Kolya will have enough work to last a lifetime.

Anfisa laughed.

You are happy?

What a joy! - answered Pyotr Maksimovich. - I'm not happy - I'm happy.

In the studio lobby, the director was waiting for Pyotr Maksimovich - tall, gray-haired, with polite movements. He took Pyotr Maksimovich to his office, sat him down at a round table where there were vases with cakes and tangerines, and asked him to serve tea.

“I am extremely happy about this happy occasion,” said the director. “I learned from one of our students that you are in Moscow on important business, but still I dared to disturb you.

What a worry! - Pyotr Maksimovich objected. - Pure pleasure. You know, I can’t live without young people at all.

Yes? - the director asked and made admiring eyes. - This is amazing! I was afraid that you would be surprised by our request. Have you ever heard of this: a famous forester, the greatest expert on this matter in our country... - Pyotr Maksimovich fidgeted in his chair. - Forgive me, but I’m speaking completely frankly... a big-time scientist comes to us to talk with theater youth about forestry matters. I don't know if you were informed that we are working on Chekhov's Uncle Vanya?

Pyotr Maksimovich nodded.

The image of Doctor Astrov, with his love for the forest, with his idea of the ennobling influence of the forest on the human psyche, requires that the actors involved in this performance be familiar with the whole range of forestry issues. This is our method of training actors.

At this time, Tata Bazilevich brought two glasses of tea on a tray. Pyotr Maksimovich looked at her and was surprised: what kind of eyes does this girl have! They were full of such infectious joy that Pyotr Maksimovich began to smile. His slight irritation with the pompous director immediately passed. Tata, having put down the tray, bowed slightly, blushed and slipped out of the office.

“I have wonderful young people,” the director said in such a tone, as if all these boys and girls were to some extent his property.

I see, I see,” Pyotr Maksimovich muttered. - I'm glad.

Pyotr Maksimovich drank a glass of tea with pleasure.

From the open window a gentle evening breeze blew into his heated face. Yes, life is generally good! This is undeniable.

Pyotr Maksimovich was led into a long, gloomy hall. He walked up onto the stage. The studio members stood up in unison. Pyotr Maksimovich waved his hands at them, walked to the edge of the stage and began to speak.

First of all,” he said, “I would like to meet the young man who will play Doctor Astrov.

An embarrassed young man stood in the second row.

Have you been to our forests? - Pyotr Maksimovich asked him.

Yes, - answered the young man; His name was Zhenya Gorbachev. - But, of course, not enough.

So,” said Pyotr Maksimovich, “I can help you so that you can spend at least two months in a real protected forest.”

The young man flushed and smiled.

What about us? - Tata asked in a frightened whisper, but so that it could be heard throughout the entire hall.

I think you all could benefit from spending some time in these woods. But we'll talk about this later. For now, I can only say that the young man who will play Doctor Astrov must be his worthy descendant. He must love forests and well understand their importance in our lives. Therefore, I am going to tell you and him a few words about the forest as a powerful economic, biological and aesthetic factor. I'll start with the last one...

Chekhov, through the mouth of Doctor Astrov, expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts that forests teach a person to understand beauty. In the forests, the majestic beauty and power of nature, enhanced by a certain haze of mystery, appears before us with the greatest expressiveness. This gives them a special charm. Remember Pushkin’s: “the mysterious canopy of the forests”? I cannot keep silent about the fact that in the depths of our forests true pearls of our poetry were created, at least such as “The Friend of My Harsh Days...” or “The Forest Drops Its Scarlet Dress...”. Sorry for quoting only Pushkin: the poems of later poets were not retained in my memory with such clarity.

Forests are the greatest source of inspiration and health. These are gigantic laboratories. They produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust. Imagine that a dust hurricane hits the forests. Already a kilometer from the edge you will feel it only as streams of clean and fresh wind.

Each of you, of course, remembers the air after a thunderstorm. It is fragrant, fresh, full of ozone. So, an invisible and inaudible eternal thunderstorm seems to be raging in the forests and scattering streams of ozonized air across the earth.

I don’t know if you’ve heard that in big cities there are about forty thousand different bacteria in a cubic meter of air, but in forests there are only two hundred to three hundred, or even less, in every cubic meter. There you breathe air that is two hundred times cleaner and healthier than the air in cities. It is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure. Anyone who has experienced this for themselves, who knows how to breathe in sun-warmed pine forests, will remember, of course, the amazing state of seemingly unaccountable joy and strength that covers us as soon as we find ourselves in the forests from stuffy city houses.

But that's not the main point. The forest is our most faithful assistant in the struggle for the harvest. I have little time to tell in full about the enormous extent to which the forest contributes to increasing crop yields. It stores soil moisture, softens the climate, stops dry and hot winds, and with its green dams blocks the path of shifting sands - the scouts of the desert. It is a moisture condenser: dew, fog, frost. Rivers originate from forest swamps. And finally, groundwater in forests and near forests is much higher than in treeless areas.

Places where forests have been destroyed are subject to severe erosion from melt water and rain. A rather thin layer of fertile soil, as you, of course, know, is often washed away completely, and rivers carry it into the sea. And what the rains spared is then blown away by the wind. Sometimes hurricanes lift entire continents of fertile soil into the air and carry it thousands of kilometers away. These are the so-called dust, or black, storms.

Let me remind you of the prophetic words about the role of forests spoken by Engels:

“The people who in Mesopotamia, Greece, Asia Minor and other places uprooted forests in order to obtain arable land in this way, never dreamed that they thereby laid the foundation for the current desolation of these countries, depriving them, along with the forests, of centers of accumulation and moisture conservation."

“Today I was in the Kremlin,” said Pyotr Maksimovich after a pause. - Work on reforestation after the war was discussed there. During the war, our forests were lost on an area of almost twenty million hectares. In Belarus alone, the Nazis burned, cut down and turned five hundred thousand hectares of forest into wasteland. First of all, the Nazis destroyed excellent forests created by human labor, larch plantings in the Smolensk region and oak forests in Ukraine. In the Oryol region they cut down all the groves sung by our Turgenev.

We need to plant forests not only to restore the natural forces of the earth, but also for our economy. We need a lot of wood. In our national economy there are at least five thousand ways of using it.

That’s why we are now working on breeding fast-growing forests and on accelerating the growth and improving the quality of our usual trees: pine, aspen, poplar. I am sure that the famous problem of “overcoming time,” in other words, accelerating the growth of trees, will be solved by our scientists in the very near future.

We can be proud of the names of Dokuchaev, Timiryazev, Williams, the names of talented foresters - such as the late Vysotsky, and the woman forester Kolosova, who walked thousands of kilometers through forests, burnt areas and windfalls, exploring northern forest areas.

These are all devotees of forestry, great workers in the name of the future, in the name of the generations coming to replace us. The consciousness that all your work is a gift to the future, that you yourself will not always see its fruits, does not weaken their power. These people are devoid of vanity and therefore can be called true creators.

This was Dr. Astrov. Such was Chekhov himself. When he said that we would see the sky in diamonds, then perhaps he was thinking about the extraordinary brilliance of the stars in the purest air of the forest country. Who knows!

We move through times of construction and hard work towards a perfect life. Thinking about this, I imagine a man who, having made his way through the sands and burnt areas, after the sweltering heat, weather-beaten, burned by the sun, finally enters the depths of solemn and quiet forests, and his whole body is enveloped in the coolness of the foliage. The balsamic scents of forest flowers, herbs, pine needles and bark make fatigue disappear.

When looking at them, a person begins to understand the greatness of the universe, begins to understand what well-deserved rest and peace of mind means. Night rises over the world, full of fresh smells, vague light, dew, and the cry of night birds. And there are hundreds of such nights, and dawns, and days, and evenings ahead, when either fog or the smoke of fires spreads over Russia. Maybe this is what Chekhov was thinking about. Don't know.

Let me end my short message with an old proverb that says that every person must grow at least one tree in his life, otherwise he is a dead man and a dry log...

The applause did not subside for a very long time, and for a long time the flushed boys and girls did not let go of Pyotr Maksimovich and asked him to tell him something more about the forests. If it weren’t for Anfisa, he would not have been able to leave soon. She took him by the arm and led him into the office.

The director thanked Pyotr Maksimovich for a long time, shook his hand, and Anfisa whispered:

I’m so happy for Kolya, Pyotr Maksimovich, if only you knew! What an amazing thing he chose!

When Pyotr Maksimovich went out into the yard, the driver in a heavy lacquered car had already returned and was waiting for him.

Pyotr Maksimovich put Anfisa, Tatu and Zhenya Gorbachov in the car, got in himself and ordered the driver to take everyone to the river station in Khimki.

The driver immediately pulled his cap back to his head, became cheerful and, showing off his dexterity and carelessness, rushed the car through the narrow streets until he emerged onto the Leningradskoye Highway. There he “showed the brand.” The car rushed like a torpedo, only occasionally squatting on the springs.

The river station was spacious and empty. It rained a little. The wet asphalt glistened. The garden smelled of thuja, the water smelled of oil, and frosted lanterns were burning on the open veranda of the restaurant.

The cloud, which shed a short rain, went south, and in the west the radiance of the summer dawn had already opened. A chain of river lights burned at this dawn. The sounds of an orchestra could be heard from afar: a pleasure boat must have been returning to Moscow.

What are they playing? - Tata asked.

Everyone listened. The orchestra played so far away that imperceptible air currents confused its sound, and one could only guess that the orchestra was playing a waltz. He circled over the groves near Moscow, gradually approaching, as if floating out of this wide dawn.

Pyotr Maksimovich ordered dinner, wine, tea and cakes.

When Zhenya Gorbachov poured wine into glasses, someone carefully touched Anfisa’s shoulder from behind. She quickly threw her head back.

Behind Anfisa stood Leontyev, thinner, calm, and, squinting, looked slyly at Anfisa.

She jumped up, hugged Leontyev’s neck with one hand, her braid fell, but without noticing this, she pressed her cheek tightly against Leontyev’s prickly cheek, as usual, and whispered:

My dear, how you scared me! Where are you from?

Pyotr Maksimovich hastily wiped his glasses to look at this strange man. Having wiped them off, he put them on, recognized Leontyev and said:

We just missed you.

Leontyev greeted everyone, sat down at the table, demanded more wine and said:

Straight from Berlin. Just demobilized. Throughout the war I dreamed of meeting you all. And so - you can believe that our old Earth is not without miracles - everything happened as I thought.

For some reason everyone fell silent. The orchestra became more audible, and it was as if the dawn was burning brighter.

The test is over,” said Leontyev. - Well! Let's drink to good people! And for the forests, of course!

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 1

Read the text and complete tasks A1 – A4 and B1 – B6

(1) That autumn Levitan became especially interested in pastels. (2) These seemingly

Such stubborn and fragile crayons became obedient in his hands.

(3) He wrote with them on the shore of the lake, at the edge of the forest.

(4) Captivated by the new painting technique, the artist did not know fatigue.

(5) New beautiful cardboards appeared one after another. (6) And in them - already

strengthened skill of a fine pastelist.

(7) He wrote autumn on a sunny day or waited for the lake to frown,

to touch its gray noble tones. (8) He transferred to

cardboard the last yellow leaves, as if showered with golden splashes

park alleys.

(9) Little Anya, who was affectionately nicknamed Lyulya in childhood, tried

I could help the artist in any way I could. (10) He was often unwell, heavy

heart disease called for caution. (11) But it’s difficult for a landscape painter

stop when the crimson of the forest is blazing all around and all nature is dressed in

bright autumn dress.

(12) Lyulya carried a box of paints to the artist. (13) She was rowing in a boat,

when he painted water lilies. (14) The girl stood silently behind her

artist, and amazing masterpieces were created before her eyes.

(15) Levitan was changeable in his moods. (16) Then it works

silently, plunging into deep thought, then unusually animated and out loud

praises the beauty of nature.

(17) The girl witnessed the impetuous delights of the artist, his

selfless work. (18) I learned to remain silent with him when he looked

silent in front of him, mesmerized by the beauty.

(S. Prorokova)

A1. Why did the girl Anya constantly accompany the artist and try

help him?

1) The girl was bored, she had nothing to do.

2) The artist paid her money for her help.

3) The girl admired the artist’s work; she studied next to him

understand the beauty of nature.

4) Anya wanted to become an artist.

A2. Which statement is NOT REFLECTED in the content of the text?

1) Levitan was an excellent landscape painter.

2) Levitan selflessly loved Russian nature.

3) Levitan became interested in a new painting technique - pastel.

4) Already at the age of thirteen, Levitan firmly decided to become an artist.

A3. Which sentence contains COMPARISON?

1) 7; 2) 8; 3) 11; 4) 14

A4. Which word is defined INCORRECTLY?

1) Pass – soft colored crayons for drawing.

2) Landscape artist (11) – artist, specialist in the field of landscape.

3) Masterpiece (14) – a piece of music.

4) Alley (8) – a road (in a park or garden) with trees planted along

to both sides.

IN 1. Write out a verb from the text that cannot be used without NOT.

AT 2. From sentences 9 – 14, write down the adjective that says

two letters -H-, because it is formed from a noun with the stem

to N using the suffix N. ________________________________________

AT 3. Write out the participles from sentences 4 - 6._________________________

__________________________________________________________________

AT 4. From sentence 14, write down a phrase with the type of connection

CONNECTION. ___________________________________________________

AT 5. Among sentences 12 – 18, find a sentence with ADVERBAL

REVERSE, write down his number. ____________________________________

AT 6. From sentence 14, write ____________BASES. ___________________________

__________________________________________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 2

Read the text carefully and find answers to the questions in it.

A1-A4 and B1-B6.

(1) Forests are the greatest source of inspiration and health.

(2) These are gigantic laboratories. (3) They produce oxygen and trap poisonous gases and dust. (4) Imagine that a dust hurricane hit the forests. (5) Already a kilometer from the edge you will feel it only as streams of clean and fresh wind.

(6) Each of you, of course, remembers the air after a thunderstorm. (7) It is fragrant, fresh, full of ozone. (8) So, an invisible and inaudible eternal thunderstorm seems to be raging in the forests and scattering streams of ozonized air across the earth.<…>(9) The forest is our most faithful assistant in the struggle for the harvest. (10) It stores soil moisture, softens the climate, stops dry and hot winds, and with its green dams blocks the path of shifting sands - the scouts of the desert. (11) It is a moisture condenser: dew, fog, frost. (12) Rivers originate from forest swamps. (13) And finally, groundwater in forests and near forests is much higher than in treeless areas.

(14) Places where the forest has been destroyed are subject to severe erosion from melt water and rain. (15) And what the rains spared is then blown away by the wind. (16) Sometimes hurricanes lift entire continents of fertile soil into the air and carry it away for thousands of kilometers. (17) That's true

called dust or black storms. (18) It is impossible to list all the disasters that the destruction of forests brings.<…>(19) In those places where forests are destroyed, the land becomes infertile and

dry ulcers of ravines. (20) There is nothing more dismal than the sight

drying up dirty rivers, clearings, burnt areas, all these wastelands brought to life by the ignorance, carelessness and greed of man... ()

A1. What consequences does deforestation NOT lead to?

1) to soil erosion by melt water;

2) to black storms that lift the top fertile layer of soil into the air;

3) to the appearance of ravines;

4) to forest fires;

1) Forests produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust.

2) Forests retain moisture in the soil.

3) Wood is the most valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

4) Gullies appear in places where forests are destroyed.

A3. What means of artistic expression is used in sentence 19?

1) metaphor 3) comparison

2) personification 4) epithet

A4. Which sentence uses a synonym for the word STORM (17)?

1) 2; 2) 4; 3) 6; 4) 19

IN 1. From sentences 9-13, write down a word whose spelling of the prefix depends on the deafness (voicedness) of the consonant sound indicated

AT 2. From sentences 18-20, write down the words that are NOT

USED WITHOUT NOT. __________________________________________

AT 3. From sentences 14-17, write down a word that contains TWO

ROOT. ___________________________________________________________

AT 4. From sentence 4, write down a phrase with the type of connection

AT 5. Among sentences 5-8, find a sentence in which NO

homogeneous members. Write his number. ______________________________

AT 6. Find a sentence in the text that has a subject and a predicate

expressed by NOUNS IN THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

Write his number. _______________________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 3

LEARN TO LEARN!

(1) We are entering an age in which education, knowledge, professional

skills will play a decisive role in a person’s destiny. (2) Without knowledge,

By the way, it’s getting more and more complicated, it’s simply impossible to work, bring

benefit. (3) For physical labor will be taken over by machines and robots. (4) Even

calculations will be done by computers, just like drawings, calculations,

reports, planning, etc. (5) The person will introduce new ideas, think

things that a machine cannot think about. (6) And for this we need more and more

there will be a person’s general intelligence, his ability to create new things and,

of course, a moral responsibility that he cannot bear in any way

car.<…>

(7) Teaching is what a young man now needs from the very beginning

age. (8) You should always learn. (9) Until the end of my life, not only

taught, but all the greatest scientists also studied. (10) If you stop studying, you won’t

you can teach. (11) For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. (12) Necessary when

Remember that the most favorable time for learning is youth. (13)

It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in adolescence, that the human mind is most

receptive.<…>

(14) And here I hear the young man’s heavy sigh: what a

you offer our youth a boring life! (15) Just study. (16) A

where is the rest and entertainment? (17) Why should we not rejoice?

(18) No, no. (19) Acquiring skills and knowledge is the same sport. (20)

Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. (21) Gotta love

study and choose forms of recreation and entertainment that are smart, capable of

teach something, develop in us some abilities that

will be needed in life.

A1. Which sentence contains the MAIN THOUGHT OF THE TEXT?

1) 1; 2) 5; 3) 8; 4) 9

A2. Which of the statements is NOT REFLECTED in the content of the text?

1) In the near future, a person will be required to introduce new ideas, and above

They will be developed and implemented by computers.

2) You can learn something new only in your youth.

3) The knowledge that humanity possesses is constantly expanding and

become more complicated.

4) Recreation and entertainment can also contribute to human development.

A3. Which interpretation of the word INTELLIGENCE(6) is correct?

2) education, broad outlook, high level of morality;

3) outstanding abilities, talent;

4) the ability to quickly find a common language and make acquaintances with others

1) 2; 2) 4; 3) 13; 4) 14

IN 1. From sentences 14-21, write down words with ALTERNATING

VOWELS at the root._____________________________________________

AT 2. From sentences 18-21, write down the words, spelling of prefixes in

which depends on the voicedness (voicelessness) of the consonant sound indicated

the letter following the prefix. _____________________________________

Q3 From sentences 7-13, write down the adjective in the form SIMPLE

SUPERLATIVE COMPARISON. ___________________________

AT 4. From sentences 2-6, write out the ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.

__________________________________________________________________

AT 5. From sentence 3, write down a phrase with the type of connection

CONORDATION. _________________________________________________

AT 6. From sentences 7-12, write the ANTONYM for the word NEVER.

__________________________________________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 4

Read the text carefully and complete tasks A1-A4 and B1-B6.

(1) The fire was approaching quickly. (2) Leontiev with fear and at the same time with

with some incomprehensible delight he looked at the crash hitting the sky and

the roar of a wall of living fire. (3) Sparks flew like a shower. (4) They burned

clothes. (5) At times, smoke clouded the sky. (6) Then he was knocked into

side, and the wall of flame appeared again, but closer.

(7) Leontyev could not take his eyes off her. (8) He understood that such fire

you can't stop it being a force of nature. (9) The fire will burn them as imperceptibly as

The flame of the fire burns the midges.<…>

(10) Then he felt how he was strongly shocked by a hot current

air. (11) Dry leaves flew into the fire from the top of the shaft. (12) Baulin

raised his hand, shouted something, and the foresters immediately set fire to the shaft.

(13) Val seemed to sigh and waved greedy flames from edge to edge. (14) It

merged with the fire of the fire and, roaring and crackling, hit the sky.<…>

(15) Leontyev looked around. (16) Two walls of flame collided like two

huge rabid beasts, merging closely, scattering myriads of sparks. (17)

(18) And suddenly Leontyev screamed in surprise. (19) Fire like

cut off, fell to the ground and only ran around with low tongues, falling silent,

along the shaft. (20) People rushed to the clearing and began to cover the sluggish

flame. (21) A few minutes later there was no more fire. (22) Only acrid smoke

quickly flowed towards the sky and obscured the light of the month. (23) It was all over.

(24) The rapid disappearance of the fire affected Leontyev

the impression of a miracle. (25) What happened? (26) Why did the fire go out immediately?

(27) Leontyev found Baulin.<…>

(28) “I can’t understand,” said Leontyev, “why the oncoming fire

put out the fire. (29) They fanned such a fire that the whole world seemed to be on fire.

(30) - Yes, the whole point of oncoming fire is to give the fire a huge

food, really blow it up to unprecedented proportions. (31) Then in

in the surrounding air, almost all the oxygen immediately burns, clearing

fills with carbon dioxide and smoke, and the fire naturally goes out...

A1. Which sentences contain the answer to the question: “WHY

DID THE FOREST FIRE NEED TO BURN THE SHAFT?

1) 5,6; 2) 8,9; 3) 13,14; 4) 30,31

A2. Which of the statements is NOT REFLECTED in the content of the text?

1) The forest fire seemed scary to Leontyev and at the same time

a majestic spectacle.

2) People did not know how to deal with fire.

3) The fire was extinguished thanks to oncoming fire.

4) Almost all the oxygen was burned in a huge flame, and without oxygen the flame

began to fade.

A3. Which sentence DOES NOT CONTAIN a comparison?

1) 3; 2) 9; 3) 12; 4)16

1) 1,2; 2) 10,11; 3) 19, 20; 4) 21,22

IN 1. From sentences 18-23, write down a word with ALTERNATING VOWELS in

root ______________________________________________________________

AT 2. From sentences 7-13, write down the word with UNPRONUNCIBLE

CONSENT at the root. ______________________________________________

AT 3. From sentences 30-31, write down the words, spelling of the prefix in

which depends on the deafness (voicedness) of the consonant indicated

the letter following the prefix. _____________________________________

AT 4. From sentences 15-26, write down all adverbs. ______________

__________________________________________________________________

AT 5. From sentence 18, write down a phrase with the type of connection

CONTROL._____________________________________________________

AT 6. Among sentences 13-17, find UNCOVERED

offer. Write his number. ___________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 5

Read the text carefully. Complete tasks A1-A4 and B1-B6.

HOW TO SAY?

(1) Flaunting rudeness in language, as well as flaunting rudeness in

manners, sloppiness in clothing - a very common phenomenon, and it is

mainly indicates a person’s psychological vulnerability, about

his weaknesses, and not at all about his strength. (2) The speaker is trying to make a crude joke,

use harsh expressions, irony, and cynicism to suppress the feeling of fear,

fears, sometimes just fears. (3) The rude nicknames of teachers are precisely

weak-willed students want to show that they are not afraid of them. (4) This

happens semi-consciously. (5) I'm not even talking about the fact that this is a sign

bad manners, lack of intelligence, and sometimes cruelty.<…>(6) V

the basis of any slang, cynical expressions and swearing is weakness.

(7) People who “spit words” therefore demonstrate their contempt for

traumatic phenomena in their life, that they disturb, torment, worry,

that they feel weak, unprotected against them.

(8) A truly strong and healthy, balanced person is not

will speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear and use

slang words. (9) After all, he is sure that his word is already weighty.

(10) Our language is the most important part of our overall behavior in life.

(11) And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge whether he

who are we dealing with<…>

(12) It takes a long time to learn good, calm, intelligent speech.

carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. (13) But

although it is difficult, it is necessary, necessary. (14) Our speech is the most important part not only

our behavior, but also our personality, our soul, mind, our

the ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment if it is “dragging”.

A1. Which of the statements does NOT correspond to the content of the text?

1) Language is the most important part of our general behavior in life.

2) It is impossible to learn good, intelligent speech.

3) A strong, balanced person will not be loud unnecessarily

talk, shout, swear.

4) Rudeness in language and manners is a sign of weakness, not strength.

1) 2; 2) 3; 3) 10; 4) 13

A3. Which word is defined INCORRECTLY?

1) Irony (2) – hidden mockery.

2) Cynical (6) – arrogant, rude, indecent.

3) Intelligent (12) – cultured, expressive, calm.

4) Personality (14) – last name, first name, patronymic of a person.

1) 2; 2) 3; 3) 5; 4) 6

IN 1. From sentences 1 – 5, write down a noun that is not

used without NOT. _____________________________________________________

AT 2. From sentences 6 – 9, write down a word with an unpronounceable consonant in

root ___________________________________________________________

Q3. From sentence 6, write down the word with ZERO ENDING.

_________________________________________________________________

AT 4. FROM sentence 8, write down the ADVERBS. __________________________

AT 5. Among sentences 10 – 14, find those in which a dash is placed

between subject and predicate, expressed nouns in

AT 6. Determine the type of connection between words in the phrase BALANCED

MAN (sentence 8).________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 6

Read the text carefully and complete tasks A1-A4 and B1-B6.

(1) Between the forests and the Oka River stretch a wide belt of water meadows.

(2) At dusk, the meadows look like the sea. (3) Like the sea, the sun sets on the grass

and signal lights burn like beacons on the banks of the Oka. (4) Just like in the sea, above

Fresh winds blow across the meadows and the high sky has turned pale

green bowl.

(5) In the meadows the old riverbed of the Oka stretches for many kilometers. (6) His name is

(7) This is a dead, deep and motionless river with steep banks. (8)

The banks are overgrown with tall, old, three-girth, hundred-year-old sedges

willows, rose hips, umbrella grasses and blackberries.

(9) We called one reach on this river “Fantastic Prorva”,

because nowhere and none of us have seen such huge, two

human height, burrs, blue thorns, such a tall lungwort

and horse sorrel and such gigantic puffball mushrooms as in this one

(10) The density of the grass in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to

to land on the shore - the grass stands like an impenetrable elastic wall. (11) They

push a person away. (12) The grasses are intertwined with treacherous loops

blackberries, hundreds of dangerous and sharp snares.

(13) There is often a light haze over Prorva. (14) Its color changes from

time of day. (15) In the morning there is a blue fog, in the afternoon there is a whitish haze, and only at

twilight the air over Prorva becomes transparent, like spring water. (16)

The foliage of the sedges barely trembles, pink from the sunset, and beats dully in the pools

Prorvinsky pikes.

A1. Why was one of the reaches on the river called “Fantastic Prorva”?

1) This stretch is described in a science fiction __________ novel.

2) The herbs that grow there are amazing in their size.

3) Rare animals are found in this place.

4) Mysterious, inexplicable events took place in these places.

A2. Which of the statements is NOT REFLECTED in the content of the text?

1) The old, overgrown riverbed of the Oka is called the Prorva.

2) Due to the density of the grasses on Prorva, in some places it is difficult to land on

3) There is often a light fog over Prorva.

A3. Which word is given an INCORRECT interpretation?

1) Bed (5) – a depression in the soil through which a water stream flows.

2) Reach (9) - a wide section of the flat riverbed with a calm flow

river, located between rifts or islands.

3) Haze (13) – the reflection of a distant fire.

4) Flood (meadows) (1) – flooded with water during a flood.

A4. Which means of artistic expression is used?

1) epithets; 3) comparisons;

2) metaphors; 4) personification

Q1. From sentences 5-8, write down a word with an alternating vowel in the root -

__________________________________________________________________

AT 2. From sentence 10, write down a word that contains TWO

ACCESSORIES - _____________________________________________________

AT 3. From sentence 13, write down a phrase with the type of connection

CONNECTION ___________________________________________________

AT 4. Among ____________sentences 5-8, find a SIMPLE ONE-SITE

INDEFINITELY PERSONAL. Write his number - ___________________

AT 5. From sentence 16, write down the basics - ____________________________

__________________________________________________________________

their - _______________________________________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 7

Read the text carefully and complete tasks A1-A4 and B1-B6.

(1) Tretyakov will forever remain among the names

Russian painting moves forward with artists. (2) His ardent faith in the future

folk art, its effective and constant support strengthened

artists in the consciousness of the necessity of the work they do.

(3) Tretyakov was not a “patron of the arts”, a philanthropist of the kind

what many well-born nobles in Russia were in their time. (4) He doesn't

showed off, did not indulge his own vanity, did not choose favorites

among artists and did not throw money around like a prince. (5) He was

reasonable, prudent and did not hide it.<…>

(6) From the very first exhibition of the Peredvizhniki he acquired about a dozen

paintings, and among them such as “The Rooks Have Arrived” by Savrasov, “Pine

Bor" by Shishkin and "May Night" by Kramskoy.<…>

(7) Tretyakov was known for his amazing flair. (8) Quiet,

silent, reserved, he appeared in workshops where only

future masterpieces of painting were running out, and it happened that he bought them for

their gallery before they had time to appear at the exhibition.

(9) His selflessness was unparalleled. (10) Purchased from Vereshchagin

offered it as a gift to the Moscow Art School. (eleven)

From the very beginning he conceived his gallery as a museum of national

art and, during his lifetime, donated it to the city of Moscow.

(12) And only six years later (just in the year of death)

The first state Russian museum opened in the capital St. Petersburg,

and even then it was far inferior to the Tretyakov Gallery, which by that time had already become a place

pilgrimages of many thousands of people who came to Moscow from all over

A1. What quality of Tretyakov’s character is mentioned in sentences 10-

1) about ambition; 3) about selflessness;

2) about restraint; 4) about prudence

A2. Which of the statements is NOT REFLECTED in the content of the text?

1) Tretyakov did not like to throw money away like a prince.

2) For his gallery, Tretyakov bought only foreign paintings

artists.

3) For his gallery, Tretyakov bought Savrasov’s painting “The Rooks Have Arrived.”

4) Tretyakov donated his gallery to Moscow.

A3. Which word is being interpreted INCORRECTLY?

1) Collection (10) – a collection of any objects representing

usually scientific, artistic or historical interest.

2) Patron (3) – a wealthy patron of the sciences and arts.

3) Masterpiece (8) – a piece of music for violin and orchestra.

4) Sketch (10) – a preparatory sketch for a future painting,

performed from life.

A4. How many PARTICIPLES are there in sentence 12?

1) 2; 2) 3; 3) 4; 4) 5

IN 1. From sentences 1-4, write down a word with alternating vowels in the root -

__________________________________________________________________

AT 2. Among sentences 7-11, find a sentence with an adverbial

turnover. Write his number. - _____________________________________

AT 3. Among sentences 9-12, find a sentence that contains

INCLUDED DESIGN. Write his number. - _____________

AT 4. From sentence 9, write down its basis. -

__________________________________________________________________

AT 5. Determine the type of connection between the words in the phrase BUY THEM

(sentence 8) - ___________________________________________________

AT 6. Among sentences 7-11, find a sentence in which

definitions related to personal pronoun. Write his number. -

__________________________________________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 8

Read the text carefully and answer questions A1-A4 and B1-B6.

(1) The small house where I live in Meshchera deserves a description. (2) This

a former bathhouse, a log hut covered with gray planks. (3) The house is located in a dense

garden, but for some reason fenced off from the garden by a high palisade. (4) This stockade

- a trap for village cats who love fish. (5) Every time I

I’m returning from fishing, cats of all stripes - red, black, gray and white with

with scorch marks - they put the house under siege. (6) They hang around, sit on the fence,

on the roofs, on the old apple trees, howling at each other and waiting for the evening. (7)

They all look fixedly at the kukan with fish - it is suspended from an old branch

apple trees in such a way that it is almost impossible to get it.

(8) In the evening, cats carefully climb over the palisade and gather under

Kukan. (9) They rise on their hind legs and make their front legs

swift and deft swings, trying to catch the kukan. (10) From afar

It seems that the cats are playing volleyball. (11) Then some impudent cat

jumps up, grabs the cucumber with a death grip, hangs on it, swings and

trying to grab the fish. (12) The rest of the cats hit each other in frustration

mustachioed faces. (13) It ends with me leaving the bathhouse with a lantern. (14)

Cats, taken by surprise, rush to the picket fence, but don’t have time

climb over it, but they squeeze between the stakes and get stuck. (15)

Then they flatten their ears, close their eyes and start screaming desperately,

asking for mercy.

3) Cats cannot reach the kukan with fish because it is suspended high.

4) The cats run away when the author comes out of the house with a lantern.

A2. Which word is given an INCORRECT interpretation?

1) Palisade (3) - a fence, a fence made of stakes, poles driven close into the ground

to each other often, one next to the other.

2) Kukan (7) – a string on which fish is strung.

3) Tes (2) – thin boards (hewn or sawn).

4) Trap (4) – a wide country road.

A3. Which sentences have antonyms?

1) 7; 2) 9; 3) 12; 4) 15

A4. Which of the sentences contains an adverbial verb?

1) 2; 2) 6; 3) 9; 4) 13

IN 1. From sentences 6-8, write down a word with alternating vowels in the root. -

__________________________________________________________________

AT 2. From sentences 8-12, write down the words, spelling of prefixes in

which depends on the deafness (voicedness) of the consonants indicated

letters following the prefixes. - ________________________________

AT 3. From sentences 8-10, write down ADVERBS. -

__________________________________________________________________

AT 4. Determine the type of connection between words in the phrase LEAVING FROM THE BATH

(sentence 13)? _________________________________________________

AT 5. From sentence 4, write down the stem. - _____________________________

AT 6. Among sentences 11-15, find a simple, complicated

PARTICIPIAL VERBOSE AND HOMOGENEOUS PREBACENTS.

Write his number. - ______________________________________________

8TH GRADE. TEST No. 9

Read the text carefully, complete tasks A1-A4 and B1-B6.

ABOUT EDUCAMENT

(1) You can get a good upbringing not only in your family or in

school, but also... at home.

(2) You just need to know what real good manners is.

(3) I do not undertake to give “recipes” for good manners, since I myself am not at all

I consider him to be exemplary mannered. (4) But with some thoughts I would like

(5) I am convinced, for example, that true good manners manifests itself

first of all, at home, in your family, in relationships with your relatives.

(6) If a man on the street lets an unfamiliar woman pass ahead of him

(even on the bus!) and even opens the door for her, but at home she won’t help the tired

to wash the dishes for his wife - he is an ill-mannered person.

(7) If he is polite with his acquaintances, but gets irritated with his family

every reason - he is an ill-mannered person.

(8) If he does not take into account character, psychology, habits and

the desires of his loved ones - he is an ill-mannered person.

(9) If already in adulthood he takes help for granted

parents and does not notice that they themselves already need help - he

ill-mannered man.<…>

(10) If he likes to make fun of his wife or children, not sparing them

pride, especially in front of strangers, then here he is (excuse me!)

just stupid.

(11) A well-mannered person is one who wants and knows how to take into account

by others, this is someone for whom his own politeness is not only familiar and easy,

but also pleasant. (12) This is one who is equally polite to elders and to

younger years and position.

(13) A well-mannered person in all respects does not behave “loudly”

saves others time<…>, strictly fulfills the promises made, does not

puts on airs, doesn’t “turn up his nose” and is always the same - at home, at school, in

at the institute, at work, in the store and on the bus.

A1. Which of the statements is NOT REFLECTED in the content of the text?

1) First of all, good manners manifests itself in relations with members of its

2) A well-mannered person is one who wants and knows how to reckon with others

3) It is not necessary to be polite to younger people.

4) A well-mannered person always keeps his promises.

A2. Which sentences have antonyms?

1) 3; 2) 5; 3) 11; 4) 12

A3. Proposition 1 is simple one-part

1) definitely personal; 3) impersonal;

2) vaguely personal; 4) nominal

A4. Which sentence does NOT have homogeneous members?

1) 4; 2) 6; 3) 8; 4) 13

IN 1. From sentence 13, write down the word with an alternating vowel in the root. -

__________________________________________________________________

AT 2. From sentences 9-11, write down a word that contains TWO

ROOT. - __________________________________________________________

AT 3. From sentences 2-6, write down the SINGLE ROOTS (RELATED)

words. - ___________________________________________________________

AT 4. From sentence 2, write down a phrase with the type of connection

CONORDATION. - ________________________________________________

AT 5. From sentence 4, write out the BASE. - __________________________

AT 6. Among sentences 8-12, find one that includes

PARTICIPIAL TURNOVER. Write his number. - ___________________